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Physiology of The Eye: Khorrami PH.D

The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the layers of the retina in detail, including the roles of Muller cells, the macula, and photoreceptors. It also covers retinal cell types such as bipolar and ganglion cells, as well as the process of phototransduction. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and function of the eye.

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khorrami4
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214 views130 pages

Physiology of The Eye: Khorrami PH.D

The document describes the anatomy and physiology of the eye. It discusses the layers of the retina in detail, including the roles of Muller cells, the macula, and photoreceptors. It also covers retinal cell types such as bipolar and ganglion cells, as well as the process of phototransduction. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the structure and function of the eye.

Uploaded by

khorrami4
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF or read online on Scribd
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Physiology of the eye

Khorrami Ph.D.
http://khorrami1962.spaces.live.com
khorrami4@yahoo.com
Cajal (1880)
Retina layers
• Bruch’s membrane(between RETINA & CHOROID)
• Retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)
• Photoreceptors, outer segment
• Outer limiting membrane( process of Mϋller cells)
• Outer nuclear layer(cell body of rod,cone)
• Outer plexiform layer( ph.R.-neuron synapse)
• Inner nuclear layer( cell body of Mϋller)
• Inner plexiform layer( synapse with ganglion cells)
• Ganglion cell layer
• Nerve fiber layer( axon of ganglion)
• Inner limiting membrane ( process of Mϋller cells)
Muller cells
• Supplying end products of anaerobic metabolism (breakdown of
glycogen) to fuel aerobic metabolism in the nerve cells.
• Mop up neural waste products such as carbon dioxide and ammonia and
recycle spent amino acid transmitters.
• Protect neurons from exposure to excess neurotransmitters such as
glutamate, using well developed uptake mechanisms to recycle this
transmitter, by the presence of high concentrations of glutamine
synthase.
• Phagocytosis of neuronal debris and release of neuroactive substances
such as GABA, taurine and dopamine.
• Synthesize retinoic acid from retinol (retinoic acid is important in the
development of the eye and the nervous system)
• Control homeostasis and protect neurons from deleterious changes in
their ionic environment by taking up extracellular K+ and redistributing it.
• Contribute to the generation of the electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave
Retinal layers
Retina
Macula
Blind spot
RPE: functions
• A part of blood-retinal barrier
• Takes up nutrients(glucose, retinol & fatty acids) from
blood
• All trans to 11-cis retinal isomerization(visual cycle of
retinal)
• Stabilize ion composition in the subretinal space
• Phagocytosis of shed photoreceptor outer segments
• Essential for proper development of the RETINA
– Survival & differentiation of photoreceptors
– Secrete a variety of growth factors
PEDF: pigment epithelium-derived growth factor
VEGF: vascular epithelium growth factor
IP3 as initiator of phagocytosis of outer
segment
Alpha-lambda angle
3.4mm

ONA: alpha angle


OCA: gamma angle
OPA: kappa angle
OXA: kappa angle
Optic nerve
Ophthalmoscopic view
Ophthalmoscopic view
Disk in black subjects
Disk in poor pigmentation
Photoreceptors; distribution
Fovea
• 1% of retina
• 110-115K cone cells
• Yellow; Xanthophyl, Lutein & carotenoids
• Takes up over 50% of visual cortex
• Sees only 2o of central visual field(2 thumbnail)
• Fovea: 1mm, 12/100 μm
• Foveola: 0.2mm, no rod cells, 50/100 μm
• Oxygen supply:
– Choroidal vessels
– More demands under conditions of bright light
Photoreceptors
• Rods: apprx. 125mil,
– For night vision
• Cones: apprx. 6mil,
– For central vision
Size constancy
Discs of rod cells
Photoreceptor disks
• 1000 disks in rods
• Every 30 minutes from base
• About 3 weeks life
• Cones for dinner
• Rods for breakfast
Outer segment of cone
Disc shedding
Photosensors
Photopigments
• A protein covalently linked to 11-cis retinal
• 11-cis retinal is an aldehyde derivative of
carotenoid alcohol
• Opsin in rods contains 348AA, span the
membrane 7 times
Rhodopsin
11-cis retinal
Phototransduction
• Absorption of a photon by photopigment ( rhodopsin)
• Prelumirhodopsin
• Lumirhodopsin
• Metarhodopsin I-------- Metarhodopsin II/10-3 (active form)
• Activation of a G-protein(transducin)
• Activation of phosphodiesterase(PDE)
• Hydrolyze of cGMP
• Closing Ca-Na+ channels(300)
• Hyperpolarization
• Metarhodopsin II-------- Metarhodopsin III/ several minutes
• Splits into All-trans retinal and opsin
• Some converts to all-trans retinol
• Isomerase from RPE
• Conversion of all-trans retinal and retinol to 11-cis retinal
• Attachment of 11-cis retinal to opsin
Photoreceptor
Potential in photoreceptores
Cones Rods
• 20ms • 50ms
• Stimulation rate: 50Hz • Stimulation rate: 20Hz
– In cinema: 24frame/sec
Bipolar cell types
Horizontal cells
• Ph.R NT depolarize them
• Hyperpolarize with light
• C type
– Sensitive to color
• L type
– Sensitive to luminosity or intensity
Inner half of IPL
Outer half of IPL
Facts
• Center-surround
• All photoreceptors are depolarized in dark
• All photoreceptors hyperpolarized with light
• Depolarized cells release NT
• Depolarized bipolar cell stimulate ganglion cell
• Invaginated BP-cell hyperpolrized with NT of Ph.R.
• Flat BP-cell depolarized with NT of Ph.R.
• Depolarized horizontal cell hyperpolarise target
Ph.R.
• Individual Ph.R. synapse with both invag. & flat
bipolar
• Invaginating bipolar just receive one type of synapse
Cell organization of retina
Ganglion cell
Children of the light
Ganglion cells

Types Importance Receptive field Projection

X (P) 80%, sustained Visual acuity, Smallrsg LGN


response color, fine details

Y(M) 10%, transient Shape of objects, Largesg LGN, sup. coll


response contrast, low
resolutionrsg
W 10%, transient Luminosity, head Largesg Sup. coll
response & neck
movements
Amsler grid test

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