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Human Anatomy I: Tissues, Skin & Bones

The document provides an overview of human anatomy, focusing on tissues, skin, and bones. It describes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissues - and explains their functions. It discusses the layers and cell types of epithelial skin tissue and the two primary skin glands. It also outlines the key functions and components of the skeletal system, including the different bone types and structures, as well as joints.

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47 views23 pages

Human Anatomy I: Tissues, Skin & Bones

The document provides an overview of human anatomy, focusing on tissues, skin, and bones. It describes the four main tissue types - epithelial, connective, muscle and nerve tissues - and explains their functions. It discusses the layers and cell types of epithelial skin tissue and the two primary skin glands. It also outlines the key functions and components of the skeletal system, including the different bone types and structures, as well as joints.

Uploaded by

suhaibqaisar
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Human Anatomy I:

Tissues, Skin & Bones


Some Basic Ideas
 Anatomy describes the physical parts of an
organism
 Physiology describes the way in which those
parts work, alone and in combination
 Most organisms are organized into different
levels:
 Cells
 Tissues: groups of cells performing some specific
function
 Organs: groups of tissues performing some specific
function
 Organ systems: groups of organs performing some
specific function
Tissue Types
 There are 4 main
kinds of tissues
 Epithelial Tissue
 Connective Tissue
 Muscle Tissue
 Nerve Tissue
 Most organs are a
combination of two
or more tissues
Epithelial Tissue
 Serves as covering or lining of various body parts
 Involved in both absorption of material and secretion of
material
 Cells can vary in shape:
 Squamous cells are flat; found in areas where diffusion
important
 Cuboidal cells are cubes; involved in secretion and
absorption
 Columnar cells are rectangular: also used for secretion
and absorption
 Tissue can vary in # of layers:
 Simple epithelium has one layer
 Stratified epithelium has 2 or more; can be different cell
types
Clockwise from upper left:
simple columnar; simple
cuboidal; stratified
squamous
Connective Tissues
 Perform a variety of functions
 All consist of two components:
 Living cells, scattered in a…
 Non-living matrix secreted by these
cells
 Some examples include:
 Bones
 Cartilage
 Adipose (fatty) tissue
 Blood
 Ligaments
 tendons
Major Organ
Systems
Integumentary System
 Or, more commonly, skin!
 Major functions include:
 A barrier to injury or invasion by other organisms
 A (very large) sensory organ
 Production of body covering (hair, scales, feathers)
 Production of various substances (toxins,
pheromones, lubricants, etc.)
 Body cooling (via sweat)
 Assistance with respiration
General Anatomy of the Skin I
 Outermost layer is the epidermis
 Living epithelial cells towards interior
 Outer layer of dead cells, many filled with
keratin (helps prevent water loss)
General Anatomy of the Skin II
 Middle layer is the
dermis
 Contains primarily
connective tissue, plus
nerves, blood vessels,
muscles, sensory
organs
 Hairs and glands
appear to come from
this region, but
actually are infoldings
of the epidermis
General Anatomy of the Skin III
 Inner layer is the hypodermis, or subcutaneous
layer
 Mostly a layer of adipose tissue, which helps…
 Cushion underlying organs
 In heat retention
 Also contains some nerves and blood vessels
2 Primary Skin Glands in Humans
 Sweat Glands, with two types:
 Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of body
 Release a clear fluid, mostly water with dissolved salts
 Apocrine sweat glands are found mostly in groin,
armpits, face
 Release more viscous and odor-causing fluid
 Sebaceous Glands
 Release a thicker, oily/waxy fluid called sebum
 Helps lubricate hair follicles
Human skin also possesses a
number of different kinds of
sensory receptors (for
temperature, pressure or touch,
pain)
Skeletal System
 Major functions include:
 Protection for internal organs
 Attachment points for muscles
 Some animals possess a hydrostatic
skeleton
 Body is a fluid-filled “bag” under pressure
which animal can push against
 Others have an external skeleton, or
exoskeleton
 Still others possess an internal skeleton
Above are some hydrostatic skeletons, in
a roundworm and an earthworm. To the
right is a shed exoskeleton of a cicada.
Anatomy of the Human Skeleton
 The axial skeleton consists of bones
along the midline of the body
 Includes skull, spinal column, ribcage,
sternum
 The appendicular skeleton is everything
else
 Includes arm bones, leg bones, pelvic
girdle, pectoral (shoulder) girdle
Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton
3 Components of Skeleton
 Bones: the hardest
part of the skeleton
 Cartilage: more
flexible than bone
 Ligaments: a type of
connective tissue
linking two bones
 NOTE: tendons link
muscles to bones,
but we’ll look at
these with muscles
Bone Structure
 Bones may be long, short, flat, or irregular in
shape
 Most bones have a dense region of compact
bone, and a less dense region of spongy (or
cancellous) bone
 Within the spongy bone of long and flat
bones is red marrow
 Involved in production of red blood cells
 Within the shaft region of long bones is
yellow marrow
 Mostly fat storage
 Can be converted to red marrow in emergencies
Long bones above, flat bones below
The Inside of Bones
 The living cells in bones are called osteocytes
 Osteocytes are found within spaces called lacunae
 Osteocytes produce bone, which is the non-living matrix part
 Osteocytes are arranged (at least in compact bone) in
groups called osteons, or a Haversian system
 In the middle of each osteon is a canal containing blood
vessels to nourish the osteocytes
Joints
 Joints occur where
two bones come into
contact and can move
relative to each other
 At the end of each
bone is a layer of
cartilage
 Ligaments link bones
 Fluid usually fills space
between bones to
reduce friction and
wear

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