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Eastern Philos

Eastern religious and philosophical ideas are among the oldest beliefs. They address issues like creation, life's meaning, ethics, and happiness. Eastern thought emphasizes intuition, inner peace, mysticism and attitudinal development over rationality and materialism. Indian philosophy has a long history and places great emphasis on wisdom and using knowledge to improve life. Key Hindu concepts include the divinity of the soul, unity of existence, and oneness of God. Buddhism teaches that life is full of suffering and the path to enlightenment and peace is to overcome desire.

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Harem Abalorio
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96 views38 pages

Eastern Philos

Eastern religious and philosophical ideas are among the oldest beliefs. They address issues like creation, life's meaning, ethics, and happiness. Eastern thought emphasizes intuition, inner peace, mysticism and attitudinal development over rationality and materialism. Indian philosophy has a long history and places great emphasis on wisdom and using knowledge to improve life. Key Hindu concepts include the divinity of the soul, unity of existence, and oneness of God. Buddhism teaches that life is full of suffering and the path to enlightenment and peace is to overcome desire.

Uploaded by

Harem Abalorio
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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From the beginning, religion has played

a role in human endeavors.


 Before philosophy, religion addressed
such crucial issues as the creation of
the world, the meaning of life, an
afterlife, ethical views, and happiness.
 Eastern ideas are among the oldest of
religious beliefs.
- stresses intuition, inner peace,
tranquility, attitudinal
development, and mysticism
THE DEVELOPMENT
OF
EASTERN THOUGHT
Most studies of Western
Greek philosophy Western philosophy
philosophy begin with
emphasizes on emphasizes logic
rationality. the Greeks. and materialism.

Greek philosophy, as a Eastern philosophy


systematic development stressed the inner rather
of thought, began in the than the outer world,
sixth century B.C. with intuition rather than
Thales, who was followed sense, and mysticism
later by Pythagoras and rather than scientific
Socrates. discoveries.
INDIAN THOUGHT
 Indian philosophy has a long and
complex history.
 Great emphasis is placed on a search for
wisdom.
 It began as a way to solve the basic
problems of life, as well as to improve life.
 Indian philosophers seem to insist that
knowledge should be used to improve
social and communal life and that people
should live according to their ideals.
The cardinal principles of Hinduism are:
 the divinity of the soul
 the unity of existence
 the oneness of Godhead
 a harmony of religions

Hinduism has no known founder, no


prophets, and no definite set of doctrines.
•Veda means “knowledge”.

To the Vedic believer, the ff. were the fundamental spiritual truths of the Vedas:
1. An Ultimate Reality is all pervading and is the final cause of the universe.
2. This Reality is uncreated, self, luminous, and eternal spirit.
3. Religion, or Dharma, consists of meditating on this Spirit and leading a life of
virtue and righteousness.
4. The human soul is divine, with the entire universe a manifestation of the
Supreme Spirit.
Arthur Schopenhauer, a German philosopher, said that reading the
Upanishads “has been the consolation of my life, and will be of my death.”
-Means “secret teachings”
-The message is to merge self (Atman) with the supreme (Brahman).
-Tell a life full of miseries continued by transmigration to new lives as a
result of one’s actions (karma).
-The law of karma states that every action affects how the soul will be
born in the next reincarnation.
-Reincarnation continues until one reaches spiritual perfection, and then
the soul enters a new level of existence called moksha from which it never
returns.
Brahmins - are people of learning, thinkers,
priests, teachers, etc.
Kshatriyas – people of courage and
energy.
Vaisyas – merchants & professionals who tend to
seek wealth & power as end in themselves.
Sudras – are laborers & servants

“ Untouchables” – people
considered not much above the
level of lower animals
The Gita promotes the idea
that the whole world of nature
and the universe of name and
form are illusions.
A poem of dome 700 verses in
18 chapters.
Expresses divine compassion to
humanity.
An important major theme of
the Gita is that salvation is open
to all and that Brahman accepts
all.
• Yoga is a set of mental
and physical exercises
designed to free the
soul from reliance on
the body so that the
soul can unite with
Brahman.
GOD is not an abstraction but a living presence “an
indefinable power that pervades everything.”
BUDDHA – “The Enlightened One”

Siddharta Gotama
(563 B.C. – 483 B.C)
- A state of complete happiness and peace.
His first sermon was called the “Sermon on the
Turning of the Wheel of the Law”, which dealt with
the problem of suffering and how to overcome it.
 opposed prevailing orthodox views, rejected the caste
system and a personal God.
rejected Vedic literature and extolled nirvana.
Jains believe that every living thing consists of an
eternal soul called the jiva and a temporary physical
body.
The ideal or supreme purpose of Jainism is yhe
realization of the highest or the Absolute perfection of
human nature, which in its original purity is free of all
kinds of pain or bondage.
The oral teachings of Mahavira were later put
into written form and consist of the following
philosophical and ethical doctrines:

1. The human being is dual in nature, both


spiritual & material.
2. One must control the material world by
one’s spiritual nature.
3. One can separate one’s soul from karmic
matter by one’s own efforts.
Before taking vows a Jain must give up certain faults. A jain
must not
1. Entertain any doubts about the soundness of Jain
theory,
2. Adopt another faith
3. Question the reality of the fruits of karma, and
4. Associate with hypocrites.
The vows that the Jain then takes are as follows:
1. To avoid injury to any form of life; not to hurt anyone by
word or deed. One should cover one’s mouth to avoid
injury to the air, and one should avoid stepping on any
living thing. One should not scratch for fear of injuring
a parasite and should avoid agriculture that many
injure animals, such as worms in the soil.
One should also avoid the killing of all animals,
including fish.
2. To speak no untruths; to utter no falsehoods, rash
or harsh speech; and to speak no ill of others or
give bad advice.
3. To steal nothing and not become a victim of
greed or envy.
Those who are to be in the highest order tke two
additional vows:
4. To practice chastity, either fidelity in marriage or
the renouncing of all sexual contact.
5. To renounce all attachments and neither love nor
hate any object.
The Jains put emphasis on following
these vows that despite their great
concern for life , they believe that
Jains should commit suicide by
starvation if they are incapable of
following them.
CHINESE THOUGHT
Ancient Chinese governments drew
heavily on religious thought in framing
their governmental decrees, social and
economic life was tied in with
convictions.
In Chinese philosophy, more emphasis is
placed on harmony, and correct thinking
and good behavior can help one achieve
such harmony.
During his lifetime he traveled
and taught people about
government and the ways of a
gentleman. After his death,
his disciples collected his
conversations and sayings and
put them together into a book
known as ANALECTS.
Confucius believed that humans are social
beings. They must interact with society
without necessarily surrendering to it.
- Criticize a ruler if they found him to be
unjust.
FIVE CONSTANT VIRTUES FIVE CONSTANT VIRTUES –
– RULER SUPERIOR INDIVIDUAL

1. Benevolence 1. Right Attitude


2. Righteousness 2. Right Procedure
3. Propriety 3. Right Knowledge
4. Wisdom 4. Right Moral Knowledge
5. Sincerity 5. Right Persistence
Stressed the importance of
education, but he believed
that building moral
character was more
important than merely
teaching skills or imparting
information.

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