ELECTROMAGNETISM

-ECE 323-
ANGELITO A. SILVERIO, EcE
Sir Mickey/ Sir Bangles
09266176704
banglesv@yahoo.com
 - SYLLABUS -

1. Electrostatics
2. Magnetostatics
3. Electrodynamics
(Steady Electric Currents)
4. Time Varying Electromagnetic Fields
5. Electromagnetic Waves
 - Electrostatics -
• The Concept of Charges • Electrostatic potential
• Coulomb’s Law energy and electrostatic
potential
• Superposition Principle
• Polarization
• Electric Field Intensity and
Electric Flux density due to • Field of a polarized object
charge distributions • Linear dielectrics and
• Gauss Law capacitance
• Energy in an electrostatic • Boundary conditions and
field boundary value problems
applied to different
• Effect of electric field on capacitance geometries
conductors and dielectrics
• Special techniques in solving
• Boundary conditions and for electric fields and
boundary value problems potentials: Laplace and
Poisson Equation, Method
of Mirrors
Applications of electrostatic
 - Magnetostatics -
• Magnetic Fields, Field • Magnetic Scalar Potential
Intensity and Flux Density • Energy in a magnetic field
• Gauss’s Law applied to • Magnetic Materials:
Magnetic Fields diamagnetism,
• Lorentz Force Law parramagnetism and
• Biot-Savart’s Law ferromagnetism
• Ampere’s Force Law • Magnetization
• Magnetic Torque • Field of a magnetized
object
• Magnetic Flux and Gauss’s
Law for Magnetic Fields • Boundary conditions for
magnetic fields
• Magnetic Vector Potential
• Magnetic Field Intensity • Magnetic circuits
and Ampere’s Circuital • Applications of
law magnetostatic fields
 - Electrodynamics -
(Steady Electric Currents)

• Nature of current and

current density: • Boundary conditions for
conduction current and current density
convection current • Analogy between electric
• Conductor resistance flux density and current
• Equation of Continuity density
• Relaxation Time • Electromotive force
• Joule’s Law
-Time-Varying Electromagnetic Fields -

• Motional electromotive
Force
• Faraday’s Law of • Maxwell’s Equations:
Induction Ampere’s law, Gauss law
• Self and mutual and Faraday’s law
inductance, • Applications of time-
• Magnetic energy varying electromagnetic
fields
 -Electromagnetic Waves-

• General Wave Equations • Polarization types: parallel,

• Propagation Constant perpendicular, elliptical and
circular
• Plane wave propagation in
perfect dielectrics free • Power and the Poynting’s
space, partially conducting Vector
medium and perfect • Radiation pressure
conductors • Applications of the
• Skin depth electromagnetic waves:
• Interface conditions at waveguides, resonators,
normal and oblique antennas and transmission
incidence lines
• Brewster’s Angle • Effects of electromagnetic
waves to health
 - REFERENCES -
• Guru, B.S. and Hiziroglu, H.R. (2004). Electromagnetic Field Theory
Fundamentals, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Wentworth, S.M., (2005). Fundamentals of Electromagnetics with
Engineering Applications. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Hayt Jr., W.H. and Buck J.A. (2005). Engineering Electromagnetics,
7th ed. New York: McGraw Hill.
• Fleisch, D. A Student’s Guide to Maxwell’s Equations (2008).
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Young, H.D., Freedman, R.A. and Ford, L. (2009). University Physics
with Modern Physics, 12th ed. Singapore: Pearson Education South
Asia Pte. Ltd.
• Resnick, R., Halliday, D. and Krane, K.S. Physics, 5th ed. (2002). New
York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
 - COURSE POLICIES-
“strict compliance”
• No make-up quiz will be given. If a student missed a quiz the first time,
his score for that quiz will be his lowest quiz taken for the entire
semester. A grade of zero will be given for succeeding missed
quiz/quizzes. Only missed major exams can be given as special exams.

• A grade of Failure due to Absences (FA) will be given to students who

incurred more than 11 hours of absence. The student is considered late
if the elapsed time is 15 minutes or less. Otherwise he is considered
absent. Succeeding 3 lates, is equivalent to 1 absent.

• A student caught cheating in a quiz or in preliminary examination will be

given a score of zero for that quiz or preliminary examination. Outright
failure will be given to a student caught cheating in the final
examinations.

• Passing score is 50%. No remedial examination will be given.

 - GRADING SYSTEM -
• 5 QUIZZES (50%)
>> one per unit
• 2 MAJOR EXAMS (40%)
>> PRELIMS (20%) & FINALS (20%)
• CLASS STANDING (10%)
>> RECITATION
 Volunteer (3pts)
 Valid Question (1pt)
 Maximum recitation (50pts adjustable)
>> excess points added to the quiz
~ ELECTROSTATICS ~
 1. The Concept of Charges
• Ancient Greeks noticed when amber and fur were
rubbed together, they would become “attractive”
• The Greek work for amber is “elektron”
• Today this attractive property is called “electric”
• In the1750’s, Benjamin Franklin studied “static
electricity” he also denoted the
convention:
“positive” too little of electrons
“negative” too much of electrons
 1. The Concept of Charges
• An atomic viewpoint
nucleus
The Atom is Electrically
Neutral!
~10^-10m
Proton:
Mass: 1.673 x 10 ^-27kg
Charge: 1.6 x 10^-19
Nucleus Strong Neutron:
comprises Nuclear Mass: 1.675 x 10 ^-27kg
most of the Force holds
mass of the the protons Electron:
Atom (99%) Mass: 9.109 x 10^-31kg
~10^-15m together Charge: -1.6x10^-19
 1. The Concept of Charges
What is electric charge?
 Property of matter that creates electric
and magnetic forces and interactions.
A property that causes subatomic
particles, protons and electrons, to
attract or repel one another.
“like charges repel, opposite charges
attract”
Microscopic View of Charge
Electric charges exist within atoms. The Elementary Particles
Charge is quantized: (from wikipedia)

“ The magnitude of charge of the electron or proton is a natural unit

of charge”
 1. The Concept of Charges
Principle of Charge Conservation

>> The algebraic sum of all the electric charges in a

closed system is constant.

“ in any charging process, charge is not created nor

destroyed, it is only transferred from one body to
another.”
 1. The Concept of Charges
3 Ways to Charge an Object
a) Charging by Friction (Triboelectric Effect)
• If two neutral objects are rubbed together, each can become
charged. For instance, when rubber and wool
are rubbed together, electrons from the atoms
on the wool are transferred to the rubber.
• The extra electrons on the rubber result in
a net negative charge. The electrons missing
from the wool result in a net positive charge.
• The combined total charge remains the same. All that happens
is that the positive and negative charges are separated through
a transfer of electrons.
• For insulators, the transferred charges reside only at the
contact area. They do not spread all through out the medium.
• For conductors, the transferred charges spread all through out
the surface of the medium
 1. The Concept of Charges
3 Ways to Charge an Object
b) Charging by Conduction
For
CONDUCTORS
only!

 Charging a neutral body by touching it with a

charged body
 Note! The resulting charge of the body is the
same as that of the charged body.
 1. The Concept of Charges
3 Ways to Charge an Object Attracts electrons from
c) Charging by Induction ground

Neutral Transfer of charges

Highly Positive Neutral body becomes negatively charged

Charging an object without touching it
Note! The resulting charge of the body is
opposite to that of the charged body.
 1. The Concept of Charges
“3 Ways to Charge an Object”
c) Charging by Induction
 1. The Concept of Charges
Charge Polarization Charge re-
alignment
Separation of charges by the electrical
alignment of molecules Electron
cloud + - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
+ - + -
The electron cloud surrounding the POLAR COVALENT
nucleus can become distorted in BONDS
produced by the unequal
response to a nearby object. sharing of electrons
Depending upon the charge of the
object, the electron cloud can be
repelled or attracted towards the Water gets
Deflected!
object.
 1. The Concept of Charges
How to determine the type of charge?
~ tHE electroscope ~
 2. Coulomb’s Law
Scalar Form Vector Form
k(q1 )(q2 )  k(q1 )(q2 )
F12  2 F12  2
rˆ12
r12 r12

Coulomb’s Apparatus
where F12 is the force exerted by q1 on q2
In 1785, Charles Coulomb r̂12 is a unit vector in the direction q1 to q2
determined the relationship
between force, charge and • Charge (q) measured in coulombs (C)
distance
• Distance (r) measured in meters
Similar to:
• Force (F) in newtons
• Electrostatic constant (K) = 9.0 x 109 Nm2/C2 (1/4πЄ0)
• One coulomb is the charge of 6.24 x 1018 electrons or
protons.
• The charge on a single electron is 1.60 x 10 −19 C.
• The magnitude of the charge of an electron is called the
elementary charge.
 2. Coulomb’s Law
Superposition Principle for a
collection of point charges
• Force acting on one charge due to another charge is independent
on whether or not other charges are present.

• We can calculate the forces separately

• The net force acting on any charge due to a collection of charges

is the vector sum of these forces

 Fq 3
F13 q3

F23   
q1
Fq 3  F13  F23
q2
 2. Coulomb’s Law
Sample Problems

1. Compare the force of the electric repulsion

between two alpha particles with the force of
gravitational attraction between them. The alpha
particle has a mass of 6.64 x 10^-27kg and a
charge of +2e. G = 6.67 x 10-11N-m^2/kg^2.

2. Three equal charges of 200nC are placed in free

space at (0,0,0), (2,0,0) and (0,2,0). Determine
the force acting on a charge of 500nC at (2,2,0).
 2. Coulomb’s Law
Sample Problems

3. Three charged particles lie on a straight line and

are separated by a distance d.

d d

q1 q2 q3

q1 and q2 charges are held fixed. Charge q3

which is free to move is found to be in
equilibrium under the action of the electric
forces. Find q1 in terms of q2.
 2. Coulomb’s Law
Sample Problems

4. Find the force experienced by q1 . Assume q= 2C

and a= 2cm.
q1 = +q q2 = -q
d

d d

d
q3 = +2q q4 = -2q
 2. Coulomb’s Law
Sample Problem
3. A cube of edge a carries a point charge q at each
corner. Show that the resultant force on any one
of the charges is:
2
0 . 262 q
F 
 oa 2
3. Electric Field
 3. Electric Field
“The force that a unit positive test charge (1C)
will experience when placed at that point .”

FBA FAB
B
A

qo = +1C

P Eo = Fo/qo
A
 3. Electric Field
Electric Field Lines
An imaginary line or curve drawn through a region of space so
that its tangent at any point is in the direction of the electric field
at that point. This was introduced by Michael Faraday

• They are drawn from positive charge to negative charge.

• They never cross.
• The density of field lines on a diagram is indicative of the
strength of the field.
• Neutral point : no field exists (where?)
 3. Electric Field
Electric Field of a point charge q
F 1 q
E  
qo 4  o r 2

+ -  F

1 q
E = = 2 rˆ
qo 4  o r
Electric Field produced by a collection of charges
 F 1 q
E = = rˆ
i
q 4 r 2 i

+ + P   n
o o i

+ E = ∑E
+ +
p
i =1
i
 3. Electric Field
Sample Problem
1. Two point charges of 20nC
and -20nC are situated at
(1,0,0) and (0,1,0) in free
space. Determine the
electric field intensity at
(0,0,1). -5uC

2. Three negative point charges 8cm

lie along a line as shown. Find 6cm
the magnitude and direction -2uC P
of the electric field this
combination of charges 8cm
produces at point P. -5uC
 3. Electric Field
Sample Problem (Assignment)
3. Point charges q1 and q2 of +12nC and -12nC,
respectively are placed 0.10m apart (refer to figure).
Compute the electric field caused by q1, the field
caused by q2, and the total field (a) at point a; (b) at
point b; and (c) at point c.
y
(c) Electric dipole!
>> each molecule of a neutral
13cm insulator is an electric dipole

13cm

4cm 6cm 4cm x

(a) q1 (b) q1
 3. Electric Field
Motion of Charged Particle
in an Electric Field
• When a charged particle is placed in an electric field, it
experiences an electrical force
• If this is the only force on the particle, it must be the net force
• The net force will cause the particle to accelerate according to
Newton’s second law.

Coulomb’s Law
F = qE

Newton’s 2nd Law

F = ma
ay= - |q/m|E
ax = 0 (constant VX)
 3. Electric Field
Motion of Charged Particle
in an Electric Field
• What is the final velocity?

q
VFY  at   Et Pythagorean Theorem!
m
VX
VFX  VX (INITIAL)
VY V
VF   VFX    VFY 
2 2

2
 q 
VF   VFX     Et 
2

 m 
 3. Electric Field
Sample Problem
5. A 50v battery is connected to two plates separated by
a distance 1.0cm. The upper plate is connected to the
negative voltage whereas the lower plate is connected
to the positive. If an electron is released from the
upper plate what is its acceleration? At what speed
and kinetic energy does the electron acquire while
traveling 1.0cm to the lower plate? If the electron is
released to a point parallel to the two plates at initial
velocity 1x10^6m/s. What is its kinetic and final
velocity, given that the plates have lengths of 5cm?

Note: Electric Field = Voltage/length (V/m)

4. Continuous Charge Distributions

 dq
E = k ∫ rˆ 2
r
 dq
F = kq ∫ rˆ 2
o
r
4. Continuous Charge Distributions

• Charges are distributed over a line, surface or

volume.
• The net force of those charges can be obtained
by integration
• This involves the concept of charge density:
λ = q/L : linear charge density
σ = q/A: surface charge density
ρ = q/V: volume charge density
4. Continuous Charge Distributions

• The total net charge q is subdivided into

infinitesimally small charges dq.
dq = λdx
dq = σdA
dq = ρdV

| dq || q0 | | dq |
dF  k dE  k 2
r 2
r
4. Continuous Charge Distributions

• The net force and the electric field is can be

decomposed into components depending on
symmetry.

dF = dFx + dFy + dFz

dE = dEx + dEy + dEz
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Line of Charge
 4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Line of Charge

q  L Fx  0 Fz  0 Due to symmetry
L/2 L/2
dz dz
F y  kq 0 λy  y
 L/2
2
 z 2
 3/2
E y  ky λ  y
 L/2
2
 z 2
 3/2

q 0q q
Fy  k E y  k
2 2
y y 2
 L y y 2
 L
4 4
q q q When y>>L,
Fy  k 02 E y  k 2
y y Equation for point charges!
q q q When L>>y,
Fy  2k 0 E y  2k
yL yL  Infinite Line of Charge!
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Line of Charge
Sample Problem
1. A very long, straight wire has charge per
unit length of 1.50e-10 C/m. At what distance
from the wire is the electric field equal to
2.50N/C?
2. Find the force on a point charge +q located
a distance c from the end of a rod of length L
with uniformly distributed positive charge Q.
++ + + + +
c
+q
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Line of Charge
Sample Problem
3. Obtain an expression for the electric force
exerted on charge q1 (positron)
L
+ + ++++++
- Q
-
-
L - -Q L
--
-
-
- L
q1
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Line of Charge
Sample Problem (Assignment)
3. Two 1.20m non-conducting wires meet at a right
angle. One segment carries +2.50uC of charge
distributed uniformly along its length, and the
other charge carries -2.50uC distributed uniformly
along it. (a) Find the magnitude and direction of
the electric field these wires produce at point P,
which is 6.0cm from each wire. If an electron is
released at point P, what are the magnitude and
direction of the net force that the wires exert on it?
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Ring of Charge

+
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Ring of Charge
q = L Fx = 0 Fy = 0 Due to symmetry
q 0 λRz 2π λRz 2π
Fz = k 3 ∫ d E = k 3 ∫ d
(z + R )
2 2 2 0
z
(z + R )
2 2 2 0

2  q 0 qz 2  qz
Fz = k Ez = k
(z + R )
2 2 3/2
(z 2 + R 2 )3/2
q 0q q When z>>R,
Fz = k 2 Ez = k 2 Equation for point charges!
z z
q 0 qz qz When R>>z,
Fz = k E = k
R3 z
R3  Infinite Ring of Charge
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Ring of Charge
Sample Problem
4. A ring shaped conductor with radius r =
2.50cm has a total positive charge Q = +0.125nC
uniformly distributed around it. The center of
the ring is at the origin. What is the electric field
(magnitude and direction) at point P which is at
z =40cm? A point charge q=-2.50uC is placed at
the same point P. What is the magnitude and
direction of the force exerted by the ring on
charge q, and that of q on the ring.
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Ring of Charge
Sample Problem
5. Obtain an equation for the electric field
(vector) at a point in the z-axis given the
following uniform ring of charge (oriented in
the xy plane). The + and – sections have equal
charge densities.
r Z

R
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Ring of Charge
Sample Problem (Assignment)
6. Obtain an equation for the electric field
(vector) at a point P for the system of charges.

R
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Disk of Charge (Uniform Sheet of
Charge)
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Disk of Charge
q  σA  σπw 2
dq  σ2πwdw Fx  0 Fy  0 Due to symmetry
q 0 dq q 0 σ2πwdw z
dF z  k cos θ  k
z 2  w 2
 z 2  w 2  z2  w 2

R R
wdw wdw
F z  kq 0 2 π  z  3
E z  k2 π  z  3
0 (z 2
 w ) 2 2
0 (z 2
 w ) 2 2

1 1  1 1 

F z  kq 0 2 π  z  -  Ez 
 k2 π  z  - 
 
z z  R  z z  R 
2 2 2 2

 1   1 
F z  kq 0 2 π   1 -  E z  k2π 1 - 
 1  ( R 2
/ z 2
)   1  ( R 2
/ z 2
) 
   
F z  kq 0 2 π  E z  k2 π 
When R>>z,  Infinite Sheet of Charge!
When z>>R,  becomes a point- charge system
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Disk of Charge
Sample Problem
5. A negative charge, -Q, is 6. Given the following system of
uniformly distributed over the charges. Find the electric field
circular sector shown. The sector at the center. The two sectors
is situated in the xy plane whose
have uniformly distributed
center of curvature is located at
the origin. Obtain the x and y charges +Q and –Q respectively
components of the electric field at
---- - -
the origin. -- -
- -- -
a -
---- - - b - -
-- - + +
- -- - ++
a - -- + ++
+ ++ + +
b +
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Uniform Sheet of Charge
Sample Problem
7. A charged sheet with σ1 = 100nC/m^2
occupies the z = -3 plane, and a second
charged sheet with σ2 = -100nC/m^2 occupies
the z = +3 plane. Find the electric field at (a)
the origin, (b) P(0,0,6), (c) P(0,0,-6).
8. Charge lies in the z=-3 plane in the form of a
square sheet defined by -2≤x≤2, -2≤y≤2 with
charge density σ = 2(x^2 + y^2 + 9)^(3/2)
nC/m^2. Find E at the origin.
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Volume Charge
 kdQ
dE = 2 rˆ
R
R dQ = dV
dq
dE  k
E = 2 ∫ dVrˆ
R v
 k
F = 2 ∫ dVrˆ
R v
4. Continuous Charge Distributions
• Volume Charges
Sample Problem

9. Find the total amount of charge contained

within the region bounded by: 2<r<4,
0<Φ<π/2, -2<z<2. Find also the electric field on
the origin generated by this charged region. ρ
= +100nC/m^3.
10. Find the electric force experienced by the
positron due to a charged solid sphere with
radius = 0.1m and ρ = 100uC/m^3. The
positron is 100m away from the sphere.
 4. Gauss Law Oh no daddy,
you are so
wrong!

• 1777 – 1855
• Made contributions in
– Electromagnetism
– Number theory
– Statistics
– Non-Euclidean It has been said that at the
geometry age of 3 Gauss corrected his
– Cometary orbital father's computations.
mechanics
– A founder of the TRIVIA
German Magnetic One of the problems Gauss’ math teacher gave the
Union class was "add all the whole numbers from 1 to
100". His teacher Master Büttner was amazed that
Gauss could add all the whole numbers 1 to 100 in
Karl Friedrich Gauss his head. Master Büttner didn’t believe Gauss could
do it, so he made him show the class how he did it.
Gauss showed Master Büttner how to do it and
Master Büttner was amazed at what Gauss just did.
The system of how he did it is add 1+100, 2+99,
3+98…49+52 and he had 50 pairs of 101 and he
multiplied 101x50 to get 5050, which is the answer.
 3. Gauss Law
Preliminary Concepts

Electric Flux (Φ)

• a measure of the number of
 n̂
E
field lines which pass
through a surface. area A
• the electric field times the  
component of the area  =E • A

perpendicular to the field. where A ≡ nˆ A
nˆ is a unit vector normal
Gaussian to the area and directed
outward.
+ Surface
“an imaginary
surface”
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem

1.Calculate the flux of the

electric field E, through
the surface A, in each
of the three cases
shown:
a)  =
b)  =
c)  =
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
2. What is the flux Φ of the electric field
through this closed surface?
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
3. What is the electric flux through a spherical shell
with a point charge at the center?
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
4. What is the electric flux through each of the
6 faces of the cube?

E = 4 x ˆi + 3 ˆj
 3. Gauss Law
• Some more concepts

• The flux is positive for field lines

that leave the enclosed volume

• The flux is negative for field lines

that enter the enclosed volume

• If a charge is outside a closed surface,

the net flux is zero. As many lines
leave the surface, as lines enter it.
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
5. For which of these closed surfaces (a, b, c, d)
the flux of the electric field, produced by the
charge +2q, is zero?

Gaussian Surfaces
 3. Gauss Law
• Finally, the statement of Gauss’ Law:
  Q enclosed
 =E•A=
o
The total flux within … is proportional to
a closed surface … the enclosed charge.

• or  
 = D • A = Qenclosed
where D = ЄE, D = Electric Flux Density
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
6. Calculate the flux of the electric field  and the
flux density (D)for each of the closed surfaces a,
b, c, and d

Surface a, a =
Surface b, b =
Surface c, c =
Surface d, d =
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
7.Find the electric field of an infinite sheet of
charge. (Note: “σ “ is surface charge density)

Note: charge density is the

amount of charges on either a
line, a surface or a volume.

λ = q/L : linear charge density

σ = q/A: surface charge density
ρ = q/V: volume charge density
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
8. Obtain an equation for the electric field of a
uniformly charged solid sphere (of total charge
“Q”)of radius R at r<R and r>R.

R
E
E
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
8. Solution
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
9. Find the electric field inside and outside at a
distance x from the center of an infinite plane of
thickness s and uniform surface charge density .

R
 3. Gauss Law
Sample Problem
9. Solution

s/2 x