BUSINESS MATHEMATICS PRESENTATION

• GROUP MEMBERS:
• Syed Huzayfah Faisal (180293)
• Ahmed Ali Ranjha (180350)
• Farnaz Safdar (180789)
CHAPTER 4
MATHEMATICAL FINCTIONS
REVIEW

• Some Preliminaries
• Linear equations
• Systems of Linear Equations
CONTENT

• Enable the reader to understand the nature and notation of mathematical functions.
• Provide illustrations of the application of mathematical functions.
• Provide a brief overview of important types of functions and their characteristics.
• Discuss the graphical representation of functions
TODAY’S TOPIC

• Functions
• Domain and Range
• Multivariate functions
• To identify the relevant mathematical representation of the real world phenomenon is
done by mathematical modelling. If a model is a good approximation, it can be very useful
in studying the reality and making decisions related to it. In mathematical models, the
significant relationships are typically represented by mathematical functions.
• A function can be viewed as an input-output device. A (set of) input(s) is provided to a
mathematical rule which transforms the input(s) into a specific output. Consider the
equation y=x, Input: selected values of x Mathematical rule: x Output: corresponding
values of y obtained from the equation/mathematical rule.

Output
Input
INPUT (x)
(X) Y=x
(y)
FUNCTION

• A function is a mathematical rule that assigns to each input value one and only one
output value.
• The domain of a function is the set consisting of all possible input values.
• The range of a function is the set of all possible output values.
Here, the domain is the set {A,B,C,E}{A,B,C,E} . DD is not in the domain, since the function is not defined for DD .
The range is the set {1,3,4}{1,3,4} . 22 is not in the range, since there is no letter in the domain that gets mapped to 22 .
EXAMPLE
(DOMAIN AND RANGE)
• Q f (x) = (x − 4) (x2 – 6x – 16)
• = x2 – 6x – 16 ≠ o
• = x2 − 8x + 2x – 16 ≠ o
• = x (x − 8) + 2(x – 8) ≠ o
• = (x + 2) ( x – 8) ≠ o
• = x ≠ − 2 ,x ≠ 8
• = Domain {x/x ≠ − 2 or x ≠ 8}
NOTATION

• Notation From all these examples we have seen that the language of mathematics in
particular, mathematical functions describes how variables are functionally related. The
assigning of output values to corresponding input values is often called as mapping. The
notation represents the mapping of the set of input values of x into the set of output
values y, using the mapping rule.

• f:x y
NOTATION

• The equation y = f(x) denotes a functional relationship between the variables x and y.
Translation: ‘ y equals f of x ’ or ‘ y is a function of x ’ Here x means the input variable and
y means the output variable, i.e. the value of y depends upon and uniquely determined by
the values of x.
EXAMPLE
(INPUT OUT PUT)
• Q f (u) = u3-10
• f(0)= (0)3- 10= -10
• f(-2)= (-2)3 -10 = -8-10= -18
• f(a+b)= (a+b)3 -10
• =(a+b)(a+b)2-10
• = a+b(a2+2ab+b2)-10
• = a3+2a2b2+a2b+ab2+2ab2+b3-10
• = a3+3a2b+3ab2+b3-10
RESTRICTED DOMAIN AND RANGE

• Up to now we have solved mathematically to find the domains of some types of functions. But for some
real world problems, there may be more restriction on the domain e.g. in the weekly salary equation:
• 𝑦=100 𝑥+5000
• Clearly, the number of units sold per week can not be negative. Also, they can not be in fractions, so the
domain in this case will be all positive natural numbers {1,2,3,…}. Further, the employer can also put the
condition on the maximum number of units sold per week. In this case, the domain will be defined as:
• D={1,2,…,u}
• where u is the maximum number of units sold.
• The input variable is called the independent variable and the output variable is called the
dependent variable. Note that x is not always the independent variable, y is not always
the dependent variable and f is not always the rule relating x and y. Once the notation of
function is clear then, from the given notation, we can easily identify the input variable,
output variable and the rule relating them, e.g. u=g(v) v = input variable, u = output
variable g = rule relating u and v.
EXAMPLE
(WEEKLY SALARY FUNCTION)
• A person gets a job as a salesperson and his salary depends upon the number of units he
sells each week. Then, dependency of weekly salary on the units sold per week can be
represented as
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥), where 𝑓 is the name of the salary function. Suppose your employer has given you
the following equation for determining your weekly salary: 𝑦=100 𝑥+5000
• Given any value of x will result in the value of y with respect to the function f. If x=5, then
y=5500. We write this as, y=f(5)=5500.
MULTIVARIATE FUNCTIONS

• For many mathematical functions, the value of the dependent variable depends upon
more than one independent variable.
• Definition:
• A functions which contain more than one independent variable are called multivariate
function.
• They are denoted by 𝑧=𝑓(𝑥,𝑦), where 𝑥 and 𝑦 are the independent variables and 𝑧 is the
dependent variable e.g. 𝑧=2𝑥+5𝑦.
• In general the notation for a function 𝑓 where the value of dependent variable depends
on the values of 𝑛 independent variables is 𝑧=𝑓(𝑥 ,⋯,𝑥 ). For example,
• 𝑧=2𝑥 +5𝑥 +4𝑥 −4𝑥 +𝑥 .
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

• Constant Functions
• A constant function has the general form
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎
• Here, domain is the set of all real numbers and range is the single value 𝑎 , e.g. 𝑓(𝑥)=20.
• Linear Functions
• A linear function has the general (slope-intercept) form
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
• where 𝑎 is slope and 𝑎 is 𝑦-intercept. For example 𝑦=2𝑥+3
• is represented by a straight line with slope 2 and y-intercept 3.
• The weekly salary function is also an example of linear function.
• Quadratic Function
• A quadratic function has the general form
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
• provided that 𝑎 0, e.g. 𝑦=2𝑥 +3.
• Cubic Function
• A cubic function has the general form
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑥 +𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
• provided that 𝑎 0, e.g. 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑥 −50𝑥 +10𝑥−1.
• Polynomial Functions
• A polynomial function of degree 𝑛 has the general form
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑎 𝑥 +⋯+𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
• Where 𝑎 ,⋯,𝑎 and 𝑎 are real constants such that 𝑎 0.
• All the previous types of functions are polynomial functions.
• Rational Functions
• A rational function has the general form
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑔(𝑥)/h(𝑥)
• Where 𝑔(𝑥) and h(𝑥) are both polynomial functions, e.g.
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=2𝑥/5𝑥 −2𝑥+3.
• Composite functions
• A composite function exists when one function can be viewed as a function of the values
of another function. If 𝑦=𝑔(𝑢) and 𝑢= (𝑥) then composite function
• 𝑦=𝑓(𝑥)=𝑔( (𝑥)).
• Here 𝑥 must be in the domain of and (𝑥) must be in the domain of 𝑔. For example, if
𝑦=𝑔(𝑢)=3𝑢 +4𝑢 and 𝑢= (𝑥)=𝑥+8, then 𝑔( (−2))=132.
EXAMPLE

• Q. NO 3. f(x) =(x-5)/2 ( Linear Function) because x/2 - 5/2 or 1/2 X -2.5

• Q. NO 4. f(x) =x2-25 (Quadratic Function)
• Q. NO 5. f(x) = 2x0 (Constant Function ) because x0 =1
• Q. NO 6. f(x) = x5 + 2x3 - 100 ( Polynomial Function ) because power of variable is 5,
greater than 2 or 3.
• Q. NO 7. f(x) = 10 - x/4 ( Linear Function ) because write it in the form - 1/4 x + 10
• Q. NO 8. f(x) = 10/x (Rational Function)
• Q. NO 9. f(x) = log10 x ( not possible) because the power of x is not given.
GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF
FUNCTIONS
• The function of one or two variables (independent) can be represented graphically. The
functions of one independent variable are graphed in two dimensions, 2-space. The
functions in two independent variables are graphed in three dimension, 3-space.
• Method of graphing
• 1) To graph a mathematical function, one can simply assign different values from the
domain of the independent variable and compute the values of dependent variable.
• 2) Locate the resulting order pairs on the co-ordinate axes, the vertical axis (𝑦-axis) is used
to denote the dependent variable and the horizontal axis (𝑥-axis) is used to denote the
independent variable.
• 3) Connect all the points approximately.
• Vertical Line Test
• By definition of a function, to each element in the domain there should correspond only one
element in the range. This allows a simple graphical check to determine whether a graph
represents a function or not. If a vertical line is drawn through any value in the domain, it will
intersect the graph of the function at one point only. If the vertical line intersects at more
than one point then, the graph depicts a relation and not a function.
EXAMPLE

• Given f(x) = x2 -3 and g(x)= 10-2x

• determine (a) f(x) +g(x) (b) f(x). g(x) (c) f(x)/g(x)
•
• (a) f(x)+g(x) = x2 -3 + 10-2x
• = x2-2x+7
•
• (b) f(x).g(x) = (x2 -3).(10-2x)
• = 10 x2 -2x3 -30+6x
• = -2x3 +10x2 +6x -30
•
• (c) f(x)/g(x) = (x2 -3) / (10-2x)
REVIEW

• Functions Ways to define a function

• Domain and range of a function
• Examples to find the domain of a function
• Multivariate functions