AIRLAW

DECEMBER 2017
CLASSIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT

Aircraft

Lighter Heavier
than air than air

Non power Power Non power Power

driven driven driven driven

Free Captive Glider

Airship Aeroplane Rotorcraft ornithopter
Balloon Balloon Kite

Gyroplane Helicopter
ARCRAFT NATIONALITY & REGISTRATION

 The nationality and registration mark is to consist of a group of characters. PK-ABCD

In this case PK is the nationality mark and is always to precede the registration mark, in this case
ABCD.
 When the first character of the registration mark is the same type of character as the last
character of the nationality mark, it is be preceded by a hyphen (-).
 The nationality mark is selected from the series of nationality symbols included in the radio call
signs allocated to the State of Registry by the International Telecommunications Union (an
agency of the United Nations).
ARCRAFT NATIONALITY & REGISTRATION

The nationality mark is to be notified by the State of Registry, to ICAO and may consist of single
letters e.g. N (USA), G (UK), etc. ; multiple letters e.g.PK (Indonesia), PH (Netherland), etc. or a
combination of letters and numbers e.g. A6 (Emirate), 4R (Srilanka).
It may also include a symbol of the State (e.g. the Red Cross in the case of Switzerland).
ARCRAFT NATIONALITY & REGISTRATION

The registration mark may consist of letters e.g. PK- GIA (Indonesia), numbers e.g. B-6118
(China)or a combination of both e.g. N 904DE (USA) ,and is assigned by the State of Registry, or
the common mark registering authority, from a list of available (not previously issued) marks
applicable to the State of Registry.
ARCRAFT NATIONALITY & REGISTRATION

Exclusions
Certain combinations of letters are not permitted to be used as registration letters or parts of a
registration mark. These are those combinations of letters used for specific distress traffic
indicators or internationally accepted communication abbreviations.
ARCRAFT NATIONALITY & REGISTRATION

Exclusions
Specifically:
 SOS (Distress - morse)
 PAN (Urgency)
 XXX (Urgency - morse)
 TTT (Safety /Securité - morse)
 ‘Q’ codes (i.e. QNH; QRT; QUG etc….
 5 letter combinations of the international Code of Signals
ARCRAFT NATIONALITY & REGISTRATION

CERTIFICATION OF REGISTRATION
 The certificate of registration is an official document certifying that the State of Registry has
registered an aircraft.
 The certificate is to be carried in the aircraft at all times.
 The certificate contains:
• Nationality or Common mark,
• Registration mark,
• Manufacturer’s designation of the aircraft,
• Serial number of the aircraft,
• Name and address of the owner,
• A certificate that it has been entered on the register of the State,
• Dated signature of the registering officer.
ARCRAFT NATIONALITY & REGISTRATION
Location of Nationality and Registration Marks.
The nationality or common mark and registration mark are to be painted on the aircraft or shall be
affixed by any other means ensuring a similar degree of permanence.
The marks shall be kept clean and visible at all times.

Heavier than Air Aircraft.

The required markings are to appear on the lower surface
(underside) of the wing, the fuselage between the wings and the tail, or on the upper half of the
vertical tail surface.

Size of Markings.
The markings on the wings are to be at least 50cm high, and on the
fuselage and vertical surfaces, 30cm high.
PERSONNAL LICENCING
DEFINITIONS
When the following terms are used in the standards and recommended practices of Annex 1,
they have the following meanings:
 Pilot-in-Command (PIC). The PIC is the pilot who is responsible for the safety of the aircraft and
compliance with the rules of the air, during flight time.

 Commander. A pilot designated by the operator who is qualified as PIC, who may delegate
the responsibility for the conduct of the flight to another qualified pilot.

 Co-pilot. A licensed pilot serving in any capacity other than PIC but excluding a pilot who is on
board for the sole purpose of receiving instruction.
PERSONNAL LICENCING
DEFINITIONS
 Flight Time. The total time from the moment an aircraft first moves under its own
power for the purpose of taking off until it comes to rest at the end of the flight
(synonymous with ‘block to block’ or ‘chock to chock’).

 Instrument Ground Time. Time during which a pilot is practising, on the ground,
simulated instrument flight in a synthetic flight trainer (see def) approved by the
authority.

 Rating. An authorisation entered on or associated with a licence and forming part

thereof, stating special conditions, privileges or limitations pertaining to such a
licence.
PERSONNAL LICENCING
Synthetic Flight Trainer.
Any one of the following three types of apparatus in which
flight conditions are simulated on the ground:

 Flight Simulator, which provides an accurate representation of the flight deck of a particular
aircraft type to the extent that the mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc. aircraft systems
control functions, the normal environment of flight crew members, and the performance and
flight characteristics of that type of aircraft are realistically simulated;
PERSONNAL LICENCING
Synthetic Flight Trainer.
 Flight Procedures Trainer, which provides realistic flight deck environment and which simulates
instrument responses, simple control functions of mechanical, electrical, electronic, etc.
aircraft systems and the performance and flight characteristics of aircraft of a particular class;

 Basic Instrument Flight Trainer, which is equipped with appropriate instruments, and which
simulates the flight deck environment of an aircraft in flight in instrument flight conditions.
PERSONNAL LICENCING

General Requirements.
A person is not permitted to act as PIC or co-pilot in the following categories of aircraft unless
he/she holds the appropriate licence. Licence categories are:
 Aeroplane
 Helicopter
 Glider
 Free balloon
PERSONNAL LICENCING

General Requirements.
 Licence types.

Three levels of licence are issued:

• Private Pilot Licence (PPL)
• Commercial Pilot Licence (CPL)
• Air Transport Pilot Licence (ATPL)

•Note: Licences are referred to by type and category i.e. a commercial pilot licence for an
aeroplane is a CPL(A).
PERSONNAL LICENCING
 Age.
• An applicant for a ATPL(A) is to be not less than 21 years of age.
 Theoretical Knowledge.
An applicant for a ATPL(A) must have knowledge of the
• Air Law
• Aircraft general knowledge
• Flight performance and planning
• Human performance and limitations
• Meteorology
• Navigation
• Operational Procedures
• Principles of flight
• Radiotelephony
PERSONNAL LICENCING
 Experience.
An applicant for a ATPL(A) is to complete not less than 1500 hours flight time and to demonstrate
the ability to pilot multi-crew aeroplanes under IFR.
Where synthetic trainer time is permitted, it is limited to a maximum of 100 hours as part of the
required hours
provided that not more than 25 hours have been acquired in a flight procedure trainer or a basic
instrument trainer.
Flight time as pilot in other categories of aircraft may (with authority authorisation) by credited.
PERSONNAL LICENCING

Pilot Proficiency Checks.

Pilots are required to demonstrate piloting technique and the ability to execute emergency
procedures and that such skill is checked.
Where flight under IFR is required, the checks required are to be carried out twice a year with
any two similar checks not conducted within four months.
QUESTIONS

1. Airworthiness of an aircraft is subject to the laws of:

a. the State of Registration.
b. the State of Registration or the State of the Operator.
c. the State of Operator.
d. the State of Registration and the State of Design.

2. What cannot be included in a registration mark?

a. LLL
b. RCC
c. TTT
d. FFF
QUESTIONS
3. The markings under the wings of a heavier than air aircraft shall be:
a. at least 30 cm.
b. at least 40 cm.
c. at least 50 cm.
d. more than 40 cm but not more than 50 cm.

4. The height of the markings on the fuselage (or equivalent surface) and on the vertical
tail surface of a heavier than air aircraft shall be:
a. at least 20 cm.
b. more than 20 cm but not more than 30 cm.
c. at least 30 cm.
d. at least 40 cm.
QUESTIONS
5. Which of the following is the privilege of the holder of a CPL (A)?
a. To act as PIC of any aeroplane engaged in operations other than commercial a i r
transportation.
b. To act as PIC of any aeroplane engaged in commercial air transportation.
c. To act as PIC of any aircraft certificated for single pilot operation other than commercial
air transportation.
d. To act as co-pilot of any aircraft engaged in commercial air transport operations.
QUESTIONS
6. age do you need to be to exercise the privileges of a CPL licence?

a. 18
b. 21
c. 16
d 23

7. What letters are prohibited for registration marks?

a. 4 letter international codes.
b. 5 letter international codes.
c. 4 letter codes preceded by Q.
d. Any number referring to an ICAO document.
QUESTIONS

8. One of the privileges of the holder of a CPL(A) is to:

a. act as Co-pilot of aircraft in commercial air transport operations.

b. act as PIC of single engine aeroplanes in commercial air transport operations.
c. act as a flying instructor.
d. act as PIC of aeroplanes involved in operations other than commercial
air transportation.
QUESTIONS
9. Which of the following correctly identifies the cross country hours requirement for a CPL(A)?
a. 100 hours PIC or SPIC.
b. 20 hours cross country as PIC including a cross country flight not less than 540 km (300
nm) in the course of which full stop landings are made at two different aerodromes.
c. 25 hours including at least one flight of 2 hours duration covering at least 300 nm and
to include 2 full stop landings.
d. 10 hours solo with at least one flight over 300 nm with at least two full stop landings.

10. What is the minimum age for a holder of a PPL?

a. 16
b. 17
c. 18
d. 21
QUESTIONS
11. From what date is a medical certificate valid from?

a. The date of the initial general medical examination.

b. The date the certificate delivered to the pilot.
c. The date of licence issue.
d. The date of the revalidation of the licence.