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Introduction To Research

This document provides an introduction and overview of research. It defines research as a systematic, intensive study directed towards gaining knowledge on a subject. Nursing research is defined as systematic inquiry to develop knowledge important to nursing practice, education, administration and informatics. The document discusses key terminology related to research, purposes of research including developing and testing knowledge, classifications of research by purpose and approach, and areas of nursing research such as education, administration and informatics. It also outlines characteristics of good research and roles of nurses in the research process.

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Sudipta Debnath
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594 views32 pages

Introduction To Research

This document provides an introduction and overview of research. It defines research as a systematic, intensive study directed towards gaining knowledge on a subject. Nursing research is defined as systematic inquiry to develop knowledge important to nursing practice, education, administration and informatics. The document discusses key terminology related to research, purposes of research including developing and testing knowledge, classifications of research by purpose and approach, and areas of nursing research such as education, administration and informatics. It also outlines characteristics of good research and roles of nurses in the research process.

Uploaded by

Sudipta Debnath
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO

RESEARCH
Sudipta Debnath
What is RESEARCH?
RE – SEARCH
 The word was derived from the old French word
‘cerchier,’ meaning to “seek or search”.
 The prefix re means “again” and signifies replication of
the search.
 One seeks new knowledge or to directly utilize
knowledge specific to life situations.
Definition of research
 Research is a problem solving process, a systematic,
intensive study directed towards full, scientific
knowledge of the subject studied. (French Ruth, 1968)

 Research is a process which systematically searches for


new facts and relationship . (Notter)
Definition of nursing research
 Polit and Beck (2004) - systematic inquiry designed to
develop knowledge about issues of importance to the
nursing profession, including nursing practice, education,
administration and informatics.

 Burns and Grove (2005) - defined nursing research as a


“scientific process that validates and refines existing
knowledge and generates new knowledge that directly and
indirectly influences clinical nursing practice.
Terminologies related to Research
 ABSTRACT  A clear, concise summary that
communicates the essential information about the study. In
research journals, it is usually located at the beginning of an
article.

 ASSUMPTION  Basic principle that is being true on the


basis of logic or reason, without proof or verification.

 HYPOTHESIS  A statement of the predicted


relationship between two or more variables in a research
study; an educated or calculated guess by the researcher.
 POPULATION  The entire set of individuals or
objects having some common characteristic(s) selected
for a research study is referred to as population.

 TARGET POPULATION  The entire population


in which the researchers are interested and to which
they would like to generalize the research findings.

 ACCESSIBLE POPULATION  The aggregate of


cases that conform to designated inclusion or exclusion
criteria and that are accessible as subjects of the study.
 RESEARCH SETTING  The study setting is the location
in which the research is conducted. It could be natural,
partially controlled environment or laboratories.

 RELIABILITY  The degree of consistency or accuracy with


which an instrument measures the attributes it is designed to
measure.

 PILOT STUDY  Study carried out at the end of the


planning phase of research in order to explore and test the
research elements to make relevant modifications in research
tools and methodology.

 ANALYSIS  Method of organizing , sorting, and


scrutinizing data in such a way that research question can be
answered or meaningful inferences can be drawn.
 LITERATURE REVIEW  a critical summary or
research on a topic of interest, generally prepared to
put a research problem in context or to identify
gaps and weaknesses in prior studies so as to justify
a new investigation.

 PHENOMENON  a fact or situation that is


observed to exist or happen, especially one whose
cause or explanation is in question.
 CONCEPT  Refers to a mental idea of a
phenomenon. Concepts are words or terms that
symbolize some aspects of reality. E.g.. Love, pain.
 CONSTRUCT  Is a highly abstract & complex
phenomenon ( concept) which is denoted by a made up
or constructed term.
A construct term is used to indicate a phenomenon that
cannot be directly observed but must be inferred by
certain concrete or less abstract indicators of the
phenomenon. E.g. self esteem.
Some Myths About Research!!!!

 The purpose of research is to “prove” or “confirm” a


theory.

 Research findings are presented as complete and


conclusive answers.

 There is a hierarchy of research methodology that


places true “experimental” research at the top.
PURPOSES Of Research
 To have a research-based practice

 To document contributions to nursing and


the overall health care

 To generate knowledge

 To improve the image of nursing


Purposes of nursing research
WHAT DOES RESEARCH DO?
 Research enables nurses to:

 Describe the characteristics of a particular nursing


situation about which little is known.
 Eg. Nurses work stress

 Explain phenomenon that must be considered in


planning nursing care.
 Eg. Nurses working concept, NPR, Team work, nursing
care / concepts of Psychiatric , Pediatric and OBG clients,
Water birth.
 Predict the probable outcome of certain nursing
decisions made in relation to client care.
 Eg. Oral Care – Lemon, Salt, Chlorhexidine

 Control the occurrence of undesired client


outcomes.
 Eg. Muscle dystrophy prevented / controlled by active,
passive exercise

 Initiate, with a fair degree of confidence, activities


that will achieve desired client behavior.
 Eg. Good or better IPR makes Good or better client
behaviour
 Provide a scientific basis for the nursing profession.

 Develop and evaluate new techniques for delivering


patient care that is vital to patient’s health needs.

 Develop tools for assessing the effectiveness of


nursing interventions.

 Provide solutions to problems concerning health


maintenance, health delivery and health care.
 Help determine the areas of need relative to
nursing practices such as patient-teaching and nurse-
patient relationships.

 Develop and evaluate alternative approaches to


nursing education that would enable that student to
gain broad knowledge and specialized skills for safe
practice.

 To prepare oneself to be a diligent practitioner of


research.
Need for nursing research
 For the continuous growth of nursing profession.
 Helps nursing to achieve its own professional
identity.
 Helps to identify the boundaries of nursing.
 To define the parameters of nursing.
 For cost containment practices.
Importance of Research in Nursing
 Validation as a profession
 Scientific basis for practice(research in nursing, nursing
research)
 Accountability
 Improvement in nursing care
 Identifying role of nurse in changing society
 Discovering new measures for nursing practice
 Helps to take prompt decisions
 Improves standard of nursing care
 Refining existing theories and discovering new theories
Characteristics of good research
 Orderly and systematic process

 Based on current professional issues

 Begin with clearly defined purposes

 Emphasize to develop, refine and expand professional knowledge

 Directed towards development or testing theories

 Finding solution of problem

 Dedicated to develop empirical evidence

 Strives to collect first hand information and data


 Generate findings to refine and improve professional
practices

 Use of appropriate methodology

 Conducted on representative sample

 Conducted through appropriate use of methods and tools


of data collection

 Use of valid and reliable data collection tools

 Carefully recorded and reported

 Adequately and appropriately analyzed research


 Patiently carried out activity

 Researcher’s expertise, interest, motivation and


courage

 Adequately communicated
Qualities of a good researcher
 R – Research oriented
 E - Efficient
 S -Scientific
 E - Effective
 A - Active
 R - Resourceful
 C – Creative
 H – Honest
 E – Economical
 R - Religious
Characteristics of researcher (Kristhoff,
1991)
 Intellectual curiosity

 Creative thinking

 Critical thinking

 Ability to relate study to a known theory

 Patience and discipline to push the study through

 Intellectual honesty

 Sense of humor
Roles of Nurses in Research
 Preparing trial protocols and other trial-related
documentation.

 Submitting study proposals for regulatory approval.

 Coordinating the initiation management .

 Completion of the research.

 Collecting and recording pertinent data


 Advocate of client or respondents during study

 Evaluator of a research findings

 Research problem identifier

 Informants / respondents / subjects / participants or


sample population

 Consumer of research findings

 Associate or member of research team


Scope & Areas of Nursing Research
 Nursing education

 Nursing administration

 Nursing service

 Nursing informatics
Classification of research
 Based on purpose
1. BASIC / PURE RESEARCH
 It is done for the intellectual pleasure of learning to search
for knowledge for its own sake and eventually filter down the
result into real life situation.
2. APPLIED RESEARCH
 It results from present problems or from socially
disorganized situations.
 It frequently raises theoretical questions that must be
answered by basic/ pure research.
3. ACTION RESEARCH
 The process involves the study of certain problem and from
that experience, decisions, actions and conclusion are drawn.
 Findings are limited to settings actually studied.
Based on approach
 QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
 Quantitative research is a formal, objective and
systematic process in which the numerical data are
used to obtain information.
 It is used to describe variables, examine relationships
among variables.
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
 Qualitative research is a systematic, interactive and
subjective approach used to describe life experiences
and give them meaning (Marshall & Rossman, 2006;
Munhall, 2001).
 It is conducted to describe and promote understanding
of human experience such as pain, caring and comfort.

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