Bioinstrument

Lecture 4
Biopotential Amplifiers
 OpAmp and Rules

1- A = ∞(gain is infinity)
2- Vo = 0, when v1 = v2 (no offset voltage)
3- Rd = ∞(input impedance is infinity)
4- R0 = 0 (output impedance is zero)
5- Bandwidth = ∞(no frequency response limitations) and no phase shift

Rule 1
When the op-amp output is in its linear range, the two input terminals are at
the same voltage.
Rule 2
No current flows into or out of either input terminal of the op amp.
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 OpAmp and Applications
• Types and review:
– Inverting Amplifier
• Summing Amp.
– Non-inverting Amplifier
• Buffer
• Non-inverting Amplifier
– Differential Amplifier
– Instrumentation Amplifier
– Isolated Amplifier
– Comparator
– Rectifier
– Logarithmic and Anti-Logarithmic Amps
– Integrator and Differentiator Amps

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 Biopotential Amplifier
• Amplifiers are an important part of modern instrumentation system
for measuring biopotentials.
• Such measurements involve voltages that often are at low levels,
have high source impedances, or both.
• These Amplifiers that have been designed specifically for this type
of processing of biopotentials are know as biopotential amplifiers.
• Basic Requirements for biological usage:
– Voltage amplifiers
– High Impedance (at Least 10 MΩ)
– Minimum Loading Effects
– Protection input circuit (against micro or macroshocks)
– Recording and Display
– Biopotential frequency spectrum (Bandwidth)
– SNR issues
– High gain
– Electrode common mode problem
– Calibration possiblity
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 ECG (Electrocardiogram)
• Read The review if the ECG First

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 Problems Frequently Encountered
• Frequency Distortion
• Saturated of Cutoff Distortion
• Ground Loop and Patient Safety
• Open Lead Wires
• Artifact from Large Electric Transients (Defibrillation)
• Interference From Electric Devices

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 ECG and Power Line
Id1 and id2 do not flow through amplifier because of its high impedance.
Current through C3 flows to ground and cause not interference.

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Body-Ground impedance

For perfect amplifier this would cause

no problem because of CMRR.
Because of real amplifiers finite input
impedance.

Because Z1 and Z2 are much less than Zin:

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 ECG and Magnetic field

It can be reduced:
1- by reducing the magnetic field through the use of magnetic shielding
2- by keeping the electrocardiograph and leads away from potential magnetic-field regions
3- by reducing the effective area of the single-turn coil
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 Transient Protection
The isolation circuits are primarily for the protection of the patient in that they
eliminate the hazard of electric shock resulting from interacting among the patient,
the electrocardiograph and other electric devises in the patient’s environment.
Example: In the operation suite,
ECG monitoring
Electrosurgical unit (ESU) using
If the ground connection to the ESU is faulty or if higher-than-normal resistance is
present, the patient's voltage with respect to ground can become quite high during
coagulation or cutting. These high potentials enter the electrocardiograph or
cardiac monitor and can be large enough to damage the electronic circuitry.
To reduce this effect:

- Parallel silicon diodes,

-Zener diodes
- gas discharge tubes

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 ELECTRIC- AND MAGNETIC-FIELD PICKUP

• We can minimize these interfering signals by trying to eliminate the sources of

the signals via shielding techniques.
• This type of shielding is ineffective for magnetic fields unless the metal panels
have a high permeability. (good magnetic and electric conduction are needed)
• Today, High-quality differential instrumentation amplifiers with high CMRR make
such shielding unnecessary.
Electrostatic shielding
The old method

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 DRIVEN-RIGHT-LEG SYSTE
• In most modern electrocardiographic systems, the patient is not grounded at
all. Instead, the right-leg electrode is connected.
• The common-mode voltage on the body is sensed by the two averaging
resistors Ra inverted, amplified, and fed back to the right leg. This negative
feedback drives the common-mode voltage to a low value

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 AMPLIFIERS FOR OTHER BIOPOTENTIAL SIGNALS
• Main differences between Biopotential amplifiers:
– Signal spectrum (bandwidth)
– Signal Amplitude

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 Electromyography Amps.
• frequency from 25 Hz to several kilohertz. Signal amplitudes
range from 100 μV to 90 mV
• wider frequency response than ECG amplifiers,
• do not have to cover so low a frequency range as the ECGs.
• motion artifact
• In Skin-surface electrode recording
– The levels of signals are generally low (0.1 to 1 mv) .this, higher gain
needed
– Electrode impedance is relatively low, ranging from about 200 to 5000
Ω
• In needle electrode recording
– the EMG signals can be an order of magnitude stronger, thus requiring
an order of magnitude less gain.
– Furthermore, the surface area of the EMG needle electrode is much
less than that of the surface electrode, so its source impedance is
higher. Therefore, a higher amplifier input impedance is desirable for
quality signal reproduction

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 AMPLIFIERS FOR USE WITH GLASS MICROPIPET
INTRACELLULAR ELECTRODES
• Intracellular electrodes or microelectrodes that can measure the potential
across the cell membrane generally detect potentials on the order of 50 to
100 m V.
• Their small size and small effective surface-contact area give them a very
high source impedance. These features place on the amplifier the
constraint of requiring an extremely high input impedance.
• Furthermore, the high shunting capacitance of the electrode itself affects
the frequency- response characteristics of the system.
• Often positive-feedback schemes are used in the biopotential amplifier to
provide an effective negative capacitance that can compensate for the
high shunt capacitance of the source.
• DC to 10kHz
• A preamplifier circuit that is especially useful with microelectrodes is the
negative-input-capacitance amplifier

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• Read The equations

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 EEG AMPLIFIERS
• The EEG requires an amplifier with a frequency
response of from 0.1 to 100 Hz.
• Surface electrode, as in clinical EEG,
– amplitudes of signals range from 25 to 100 μV.
– Thus amplifiers with relatively high gain are required.
– These electrodes are smaller than those used for the ECG,
so they have somewhat higher source impedances, and a
high input impedance is essential in the EEG amplifier.
– Because the signal levels are so small, common-mode
voltages can have more serious effects.
– Therefore more stringent efforts must be made to reduce
common-mode interference, as well as to use amplifiers
with higher CMRR and low noise.

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 EXAMPLE OF A BIOPOTENTIAL AMPLIFIER
• Preamplifiers must:
– have low noise
– have high input impedance
– coupled directly with electrodes
– minimize charging effects on coupling capacitors
– deal with offset voltage

• Thus it must have low gain,

• For safety reasons, the preamplifier is electrically
isolated from the remaining amplifier stage.

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ECG Amplifier

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 ECG Amplifier
•High CMR is achieved by adjusting the pot. to about 47 kΩ.
•Electrodes may produce an offset potential of up to 0.3 V. Thus, to prevent
saturation, the dc-coupled stages have a gain of only 25.
•Coupling capacitors are not placed at the input because this would block the
op-amp bias current.
•Coupling capacitors placed after the first op-amps would have to be
impractically large. Therefore, the single 1μF coupling capacitor and the 3.3-MΩ
resistor form a high-pass filter.
•The resulting 3.3s time constant passes all frequencies above 0.05 Hz.
•The output stage is a non-inverting amplifier that has a gain of 32
•A second 3.3MΩ resistor is added to balance bias-current source impedances.
•The 150kΩ and 0.01-pF low-pass filter attenuates frequencies above 100 Hz.
•Switch S1 may be closed to decrease the discharge time constant when the
output saturates.
•We want the right end to be at 0 V when the left end is at the dc voltage
determined by the electrode offset voltage.

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 OTHER BlOPOTENTlAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• Cardiotachometers
– A cardiotachometer is a device for determining heart rate.
– Types:
• The averaging cardiotachometer
• Beat to beat cardiotachometer

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 OTHER BlOPOTENTlAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• Electromyogram integrators
– It is frequently of interest to quantify the amount of EMG activity
measured by a particular system of electrodes. Such quantification
often assumes the form of taking the absolute value of the EMG and
integrating it.

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 OTHER BlOPOTENTlAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• Evoked potentials and signal averaging
– EP signals are electric in nature, and frequently represent very weak signals
with a very poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
– When the stimulus is repeated, the same or a very similar response is
repeatedly elicited. This is the basis for biopotential signal processors that can
obtain an enhanced response by means of repeated application of the
stimulus (Childers, 1988).

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 OTHER BlOPOTENTlAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• Fetal ECG
– The signal-averaging technique
– Anticoincidence detectors
– uses at least three electrodes:
• on the mother's chest,
• at the upper part or fundus of the
uterus,
• over the lower part of the uterus

• Vectorcardiograph
– A VCG shows a 3-D at or least a
2D-picture of the orientation
and magnitude of the cardiac
vector throughout the cardiac
cycle.

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 OTHER BlOPOTENTlAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• Cardiac monitors
– Clinical applications of continuous monitoring of the ECG and heart
rate are made possible by cardiac monitor.
Read Text.

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 OTHER BlOPOTENTlAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS
• Biotelemetry
– Biopotential and other signals are often processed by radiotelemetry,
a technique that provides a wireless link between the patient and the
majority of signal-processing components.
– Exp. By using a miniature radio transmitter
– Provides the best method of isolating the patient from recording
equipments and power line.
– Low voltage with negligible risk to the patient
– Utilize the standard wireless computer connection protocols:
• WiFi
• Bluetooth
• ZigBee

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