ELECTRICAL ESTIMATION

AND COSTING (EEC)

EEE-8TH SEM
ELECTRICAL WIRING
• UNIT-I
• Electrical Wiring: Different types of wires, wiring system and wiring
methods, Comparison of different types of wirings. Specifications of
Different types of wiring materials, Accessories, Different types of
wiring appliances and tools. Domestic and industrial panel wiring.
Different types of wiring circuits. I.E. rules for wiring, Electricity supply
act-1948.
Difference between wire and cable used in
house wiring
• Single wire which may be bare or covered with insulation is known as wire.
• Several wires with insulation and stranded together is known as a cable
• Cable consists of three parts
• 1) conductor or core : aluminum or copper wire in single ,double or several
cores stranded together
• 2)insulation : to cover the aluminum or copper core
• 3)The outer covering also known as protective covering which is used to
cover the insulation for protection against mechanical damage or moisture.
Choice of conductor
• Current carrying capacity
• Resistance and Impedance
• Mechanical strength
• Termination
• Flexibility
• Conductor configuration
Conductor materials
• Copper and aluminum are the materials used to carry current in power and
lightning cables
• Due to its lightweight nature, aluminum is fairly malleable and easy to work
with. The lightweight nature of aluminum is beneficial when wiring is to be
done over long distances as it makes the job less rigorous. Aluminum also
reduces corona, an electric discharge associated with high power
transmissions.
• When it comes to cost, aluminum is more affordable than copper wire.
With aluminum, you will require about half the amount you would need if
copper wire were used instead. When extensive wiring needs to be done in
your home, the difference between the two materials can give you
significant savings.
• If not installed properly, aluminum wiring can raise the risk of house fires.
When aluminum wire warms, it expands and when it cools, it contracts.
The tightness of the wiring decreases with each progressive warm-cool
cycle experienced, creating the phenomenon known as “cold creep." These
loose connections can cause sparking which may result in fires. Wires
progressively heat up and could even melt surrounding insulation and
fixtures, triggering a fire.
• Aluminum wires require higher maintenance than copper wiring. This is
partly due to the high wear and tear rate as well as greater risk of fire. For
example, aluminum also undergoes corrosion when it encounters certain
metal compounds, and this oxidization gives the connection increased
resistance. This adds to overall home maintenance costs.
• Copper has one of the highest electrical conductivity rates among metals,
which allows it to be soldered with ease. It also makes it possible for
smaller conductors to be used to transmit power loads. Smaller conductors
are easier to transport and install, and they cost less, which helps manage
wiring costs. Copper doesn’t undergo the same extreme expansion and
contraction cycles as aluminum so it is a more stable material to use.
• Due to its high ductile properties, copper can be formed into very fine wire,
making it more versatile. Copper has a high tensile strength as well, so it
can undergo extreme stress but show minimal signs of wear and tear. This
makes the wiring more durable than aluminum. Due to its great resilience,
high durability, low maintenance, and high performance, copper wiring
also adds to home value.
• Copper wire costs much more than aluminum, so when extensive
wiring is necessary, the overall costs may prove to be prohibitive.
Copper is also heavier which can add to the difficulty in wiring. More
supports are required to secure the heavier wire in place, which also
adds to overall cost.
Insulating materials
• Rubber
• Vulcanised Indian Rubber
• Paper
• Poly vinyl chrolide
• Vulcanised bitumen
• Cotton and silk insulation
• Enamel insulation
• Varnished cambric
Different types of wires
1.VIR WIRES
• A VIR ( Vulcanised India Rubber )wire mainly consists of a tinned
conductor having rubber coating. Tinning of conductor prevents the
sticking of rubber to the conductor. Thickness of rubber mainly
depends on the operating voltage to which wire is designed. A cotton
bradding is done over the rubber insulations to protect the conductor
against the moisture. Finally the wire is finished with wax for
cleanliness.
• This type of wire is useful for low-medium voltage level
• Used in indoor wiring also
CTS/TRS wire (cab Tyre sheated or Tough
Rubber sheathed)

Consists of vulcanised rubber insulated conductor

The insulation layer is covered with tough rubber or tough

Rubber sheated covering

The covering is very hard and it protects the wire from

dust moisture and provides mechanical strength

Voltage rating 250-440volts

PVC wire (poly vinyl chloride)
• These wires consists of a conductor over which an insulation layer
made up of poly vinyl chloride is provided.
• These wires cannot resist much heat and cannot be used in hot places
because they have very low melting points and for this reason they
cannot be used with heating appliances also.
• PVC wires are available in all colors and is used in indoor wirings
which makes the process very easy.
LEAD SHEATED WIRE

• These wires consists of VIR insulated conductors around with lead

sheath is provided which gives mechanical strength to the wire and
also protects from the moisture
• As lead is the conductor of electricity, the lead covering is provided
with earth wire
• Mainly used for outdoor applications
Flexible wires
• These wires generally consists of plastic material
• Available in different sizes and in all colors
• These are very flexible and generally used for home appliances, tv ,
mixer, electric iron etc.,
• Low-medium voltage and current applications
CABLES
• Two or more conductors usually held together within an overall
sheath is called as a cable
• This assembly is used for transmission of power
• Power cables may be installed as permanent wiring within buildings,
can be buried in the ground and can be used in over head lines.
Junction box
Wiring systems
• Jointing system or Tee system
• Looping system or loop-in system
Wiring methods

• There are different types of wiring methods such as

• Cleat wiring
• Wooden casing and capping wiring
• CTS or TRS or PVC sheath wiring
• Lead sheathed or metal sheathed wiring
• Conduit wiring
Cleat Wiring
• This system of wiring comprise of ordinary VIR or PVC insulated wires
(occasionally, sheathed and weather proof cable) braided and
compounded held on walls or ceilings by means of porcelain cleats,
Plastic or wood.
• Cleat wiring system is a temporary wiring system therefore it is not
suitable for domestic premises. The use of cleat wiring system is over
nowadays.
Advantages of cleat wiring

• It is simple and cheap wiring system

• Most suitable for temporary use i.e. under construction building or
army camping
• As the cables and wires of cleat wiring system is in open air,
Therefore fault in cables can be seen and repair easily.
• Cleat wiring system installation is easy and simple.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system e.g. alteration
and addition.
• Inspection is easy and simple.
Disadvantages of cleat wiring
• Appearance is not so good.
• Cleat wiring can’t be used for permanent use because, Sag may be occur after
sometime of the usage.
• In this wiring system, the cables and wiring is in open air, therefore,
oil, Steam, humidity, smoke, rain, chemical and acidic effect may damage the
cables and wires.

• it is not lasting wire system because of the weather effect , risk of fire and wear &
tear.
• it can be only used on 250/440 Volts on low temperature.
• There is always a risk of fire and electric shock.
• it can’t be used in important and sensitive location and places.
• It is not lasting, reliable and sustainable wiring system.
Casing and capping wiring
• Casing and Capping wiring system was famous wiring system in the
past but, it is considered obsolete this days because of Conduit and
sheathed wiring system. The cables used in this kind of wiring were
either VIR or PVC or any oth
• The cables were carried through the wooden casing enclosures. The
casing is made up of a strip of wood with parallel grooves cut length
wise so as to accommodate VIR cables. The grooves were made to
separate opposite polarity. the capping (also made of wood) used to
cover the wires and cables installed and fitted in the casing.er
approved insulated cables.
Advantages of casing capping system
• It is cheap wiring system as compared to sheathed and conduit wiring
systems.
• It is strong and long-lasting wiring system.
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
• If Phase and Neutral wire is installed in separate slots, then repairing is
easy.
• Stay for long time in the field due to strong insulation of capping and
casing..
• It stays safe from oil, Steam, smoke and rain.
• No risk of electric shock due to covered wires and cables in casing &
capping.
Disadvantages of casing capping
• There is a high risk of fire in casing & capping wiring system.
• Not suitable in the acidic, alkalies and humidity conditions
• Costly repairing and need more material.
• Material can’t be found easily in the contemporary
• White ants may damage the casing & capping of wood.
Batten Wiring (also called CTS orTRS wiring)
• Single core or double core or three core TRS cables with a circular oval
shape cables are used in this kind of wiring. Mostly, single core cables
are preferred. TRS cables are chemical proof, water proof, steam
proof, but are slightly affected by lubricating oil. The TRS cables are
run on well seasoned and straight teak wood batten with at least a
thickness of 10mm.
Advantages of Batten wiring
• Wiring installation is simple and easy
• cheap as compared to other electrical wiring systems
• Paraphrase is good and beautiful
• Repairing is easy
• strong and long-lasting
• Customization can be easily done in this wiring system.
• less chance of leakage current in batten wiring system
Disadvantages of Batten wiring
• Can’t be install in the humidity, Chemical effects, open and outdoor
areas.
• High risk of firs
• Not safe from external wear & tear and weather effects (because, the
wires are openly visible to heat, dust, steam and smoke.
• Heavy wires can’t be used in batten wiring system.
• Only suitable below then 250V.
• Need more cables and wires.
Lead sheathed Wiring
• The type of wiring employs conductors that are insulated with VIR
and covered with an outer sheath of lead aluminum alloy containing
about 95% of lead. The metal sheath given protection to cables from
mechanical damage, moisture and atmospheric corrosion.

• The whole lead covering is made electrically continuous and is

connected to earth at the point of entry to protect against electrolytic
action due to leaking current and to provide safety in case the sheath
becomes alive. The cables are run on wooden batten and fixed by
means of link clips just as in TRS wiring..
Conduit wiring
• There are two types of conduit wiring
• Surface Conduit Wiring
• Concealed Conduit Wiring
Surface conduit wiring
• Surface Conduit Wiring
• If conduits installed on roof or wall, It is known as surface conduit
wiring. in this wiring method, they make holes on the surface of wall
on equal distances and conduit is installed then with the help of rawal
plugs.
Concealed conduit wiring
• If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help
of plastering, it is called concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the
electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or floor with the help of
plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit wiring.
obliviously, It is the most popular, beautiful, stronger and common
electrical wiring system nowadays.
Concealed Conduit wiring
• If the conduits is hidden inside the wall slots with the help
of plastering, it is called concealed conduit wiring. In other words, the
electrical wiring system inside wall, roof or floor with the help of
plastic or metallic piping is called concealed conduit wiring.
obliviously, It is the most popular, beautiful, stronger and common
electrical wiring system nowadays.
•
How is conduit wiring done ?
• In conduit wiring, steel tubes known as conduits are installed on the
surface of walls by means of pipe hooks (surface conduit wiring) or
buried in walls under plaster where VIR or PVC cables are used
• In Conduit wiring system, The conduits should be electrically
continuous and connected to earth at some suitable points. Conduit
wiring is a professional way of wiring a building. Mostly PVC conduits
are used in domestic wiring.
• The process involves , screwing a PVC trunking pipe to a wall then
passing the cables through the pipe. The cables in conduit should not
be too tight. Space factor have to be put into consideration.
Types of conduit
• Two types of conduits are used in both surface and concealed conduit
wiring systems they are
1)Metallic conduits
2 )Non metallic conduits
Metallic conduits: Metallic conduits are made of steel which are very
strong but costly as well.
• There are two types of metallic conduits.
• Class A Conduit: Low gauge conduit (Thin layer steel sheet conduit)
• Class B Conduit: High gauge conduit (Thick sheet of steel conduit)
Non Metallic Conduit

• A solid PVC conduit is used as non-metallic conduit now a days, which

is flexible and easy to bend.
• Size of Conduit:
• The common conduit pipes are available in different sizes genially, 13,
16.2, 18.75, 20, 25, 37, 50, and 63 mm (diameter) or 1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 1,
1.25, 1.5, and 2 inch in diameter.
Advantages of conduit wiring
• It is the safest wiring system (Concealed conduit wring)
• Appearance is very beautiful (in case of concealed conduit wiring)
• No risk of mechanical wear & tear and fire in case of metallic pipes.
• Customization can be easily done according to the future needs.
• Repairing and maintenance is easy.
• There is no risk of damage the cables insulation.
• it is safe from corrosion (in case of PVC conduit) and risk of fire.
• It can be used even in humidity , chemical effect and smoky areas.
• No risk of electric shock (In case of proper earthing and grounding of metallic pipes).
• It is reliable and popular wiring system.
• sustainable and long-lasting wiring system.
• It is expensive wiring system (Due to PVC and Metallic pipes,
Additional earthing for metallic pipes Tee(s) and elbows etc.
• Very hard to find the defects in the wiring.
• installation is not easy and simple.
• Risk of Electric shock (In case of metallic pipes without proper
earthing system)
• Very complicated to manage additional connection in the future.
Comparision of different types of wiring
methods
Indian Electricity Rules
These Rules have been framed by Institution of Electrical Engineers to

a) Safeguard costumers(users) of electrical energy from shock

b) Minimise fire risk
c) Ensure, as far as possible ,satisfactory operation of equipment and apparatus
used.
General safety precautions
• Rule no 29: construction, installation protection ,operation and
maintenance of electric supply lines and apparatus
• All electrical supply lines and apparatus shall be sufficient in power and size of sufficient
mechanical strength as per rules set by Indian standards Institution.
• Rule no 30: Service lines and apparatus on Consumer premises
• The supplier should ensure that all the apparatus on consumer side are in safe condition in all
respects .
• Rule no 31: Cutout; consumer premises
• The supplier shall provide a suitable cut out in each conductor of every line other than earthed
conductor in an accessible condition which is enclosed in fire proof receptacle.
• 32: Identification of earthed and earthed neutral conductor and
position of switches and cutouts therein
• An indication of permanent nature shall be provided by the owner of the earthed or earthed
neutral conductor, to enable such conductor to be distinguished from the live conductor , such
indication shall be provided a) where the earthed conductor is the property of the supplier ,near
the point at commencement of the supply b)where a conductor forming part of consumer’s
system is to be connected to the suppliers earthed conductor at the point where such connection
is to be made.

• 33: Earthed Terminal on consumer premises

• The supplier shall provide on the consumers premises a suitable earthed terminal in an accessible
position at or near the point of commencement of supply.
• 34: accessibility of bare conductor
• When bare conductors are used the owner should see that they are inaccessible
• Take proper safety measures as directed by the inspector
• 35: caution notices
• The owner of every installation should position a caution notice in hindi and local language of the
district approved by the inspector on
• a) every motor, generator, transformer and other electrical plant and equipment together with
apparatus used for controlling or regulating the same
• B)all supports of high and extra high voltage overhead lines.
• 36: Handling of Electric supply line Apparatus
• See that the conductors are earthed properly
• No person should work on live electric supply
• 37: supply of vehicle cranes etc.,
• Vehicles whose energy is supplied from external sources shall ensure that it is efficiently
controlled by a suitable switch .
• 38: cables for portable or transportable apparatus
• Flexible wires shall nit be used for portable or transportable purpose unless insulated
• 39: cables protected by bituminous material
• Supplier must ensure that the conduits containing wires are properly covered by bitumen.
• 40: street boxes: should not contain any gas pipes and precautions are taken influx of water
or gas.
• Wires should be distinguishable
• Regularly inspected
• 41: Distinction of circuit of different voltages
• The owners of g station, d station , in which different apparatus are present which are intended to
operate at diff voltages should provide an indication
• 42: Accidental charge
• 43: Provisions applicable to protective equipment
• fire buckets filled with dry clean sand in g stat and d stat
• 44: Instructions for restoration of persons suffering from electric
shock : copies should be kept
• 45: Precautions to be adapted by the consumers, owners, Electrical
Contractors , Electrical Workmen and Suppliers:
• No electrical installation , including additions, alterations, repairs and adjustment to the existing
installations except replacement of lamps, fans, fuses, switches , low voltage domestic appliances
shall be carried out upon the premises of the consumer except by an electrical contractor
licensed by state govt or central govt
• 46: Periodical inspection and testing of consumer’s Installation :
• Where an installation is connected to the supply system, such installation should be periodically
inspected and tested at intervals not exceeding five years either by the inspector or by the
supplier as may be directed by the state govt behalf or in the case of installations in mines, oil
fields and railways , by the central govt.
• Where is supplier is directed to inspect by central or state govt , a report is to be made
• The fees is determines by state or central govt
• If the consumer fails to pay the fee on or before date specified in the fee notice , consumer shall
be liable to be disconnected of the supply .
General Conditions Relating to supply and use
of energy
• 47: Testing a consumer’s installation
• New supply is to be tested and inspected by supplier.
• Maintain records of results
• If proved to be danger, notice is to be issued in writing to the applicant stating the modifications
to be made
• 48; Precautions against leakage before connecting :
• Supplier should make sure the maximum current is one five –thosandth part of maximum current
• If the supplier declines, he should write to the consumer the reason for declining
• 49: Leakage on consumer’s premises :notice is to be given
• 50: Supply to the consumers:
• A) A suitable linked switch which has good capacity to break the circuit should be readily
accessible after the point of commencement of supply
• A suitable linked switch or cb that breaks full load current is inserted on secondary of t/f
• Every distinct circuit is protected against excess energy by means of a cut out
• Supply of energy to motor is to be controlled by suitable switch
• 51. Provisions Applicable to Medium, High Extra voltage Installations
• All conductors must be enclosed in mechanically strong metal casing or metallic covering which is
electrically and mechanically continuous and adequately protected gainst mechanical damage
• Every Main switch board shall comply with the provisions a) a clear space of not less than 3 feet in
width shall be provided in front of the switch board
• If there is any attachment or bare connections at the back of switch board, the space shall be less
than 9 inches
• 52. Appeal to the inspector in regard to the defects:
• If any applicant for supply or a consumer is dissatisfied with the action of supplier in deciding to
commence the supply of energy to his premises , he may appeal to the inspector.
• 53.cost of inspection and test od consumer’s installation : first cost:
supplier, subsequent: consumer
• 54. Declared Voltage of Supply to the consumer: No supply till the voltage vary
is less than 5 percent in case of low or medium and 12.5% in case of high or extra high voltage .
• 55. Declared Frequency of supply to the consumer: shall not vary more than
3 percent
• 56. Sealing of Meters and Cutouts: A supplier may affix one or more seals to any
cutout and no other person other than supplier can break it.
• 57.Meters, Maximum demand Meters and other apparatus on
Consumer premises: Good capacity and error not exceed 3 percent
• 58. Point of Commencement of Supply : At the outgoing terminals of the cutouts
inserted by the supplier.
• 59.Precautions against failure of Supply: Supplier should take responsible
precautions to avoid any accidental interaction of supply.In order to avoid danger to public and
also send notice of failure of supply if any to the inspector from time to time.
Electric Supply Lines, Systems, Apparatus for
low and medium voltage.
• 60.Test for resistance of insulation: All the cables should be insulated and suppliers
should ensure it
• 61.Connection with Earth: 1.The neutral conductor of a 3 phase 4 wire system shell we
earthed by not less then 2 separate and distinct connections with the earth both at generating
station and substation.
• 2.Concentric Cables shell be earthed by 2 separate connections.
• 3.Connections with earth may include a link by means of which connection may be temporarily
interuppted for the purpose of testing
• 62.System at medium Voltage:
Electric Supply Lines,Systems,Apparatus for
high and extra voltage
• 63 Approval by the inspector : The supplier shall ensure that the high or extra high
voltage electric supply lines or apparatus belonging to him are placed in position , properly joined
and duly completed and examined. The supplier shall not commence the supply until the
inspector is satisfied with the installations and approval of the same is obtained.
• 64.Use of energy at high and extra high voltage: The inspector shall not
authorise a supplier to connect a supply of energy at high or extra high voltage to any consumer
unless a) all the conductors and apparatus intended for use at high or extra high voltage and
situated on the premises of the consumer are inaccesible except to an authorised person .b) The
consumer has provided and agreed to maintain a separate building or locked weatherproof and
fire proof enclosure.
• 65. Voltage test: High and E high supply lines and apparatus of the supplier shall not be
commenced unless the insulation of these lines has withstood a) the tests prescribed for
insulation by ISI b)If no tests are prescribed then , if the normal working voltage does not exceed
1000voltsthe testing shall be 2000 volts.
• 66. Metal Sheated electric supply lines : Precautions against excess
leakage: The conductors shall be enclosed in metal sheathing shall be maintained and
reasonable precautions taken where necessary to avoid corrosion of the sheathing.
• 67.Connection with earth : 1.The neutral conductor of a 3 phase 4 wire system shell we
earthed by not less then 2 separate and distinct connections with the earth both at generating
station and substation.
• 2.Concentric Cables shell be earthed by 2 separate connections.
• 3.Connections with earth may include a link by means of which connection may be temporarily
interuppted for the purpose of testing
Electricity supply act 1948
• An act to provide for the rationalization of production and supply of
electricity and generally for taking measures to “electrical
Development”
• It extends to whole of India Except Jammu & Kashmir
• Interpretation: In this act unless there is any repugnant in the subject
or context
• “Authority “ means Central Electricity Authority constituted under
section 3.
• “Board” means State Electricity Board constituted under section 5.
• Competent Government means central govt in respect of a gen
company wholly or partially owned by it.
• “Controlled station “ means generating station
• “Generating Company “ means a company registered under the
“Companies act 1956 and which has among it’s objects the
establishment, operations and maintenance of gen stations
• “ Gen station” means any station for gen electricity including any
building and plant used for the purpose and the site there of
• “licensee” means a person licensed under part 2 of indian elec act
1910,to supply energy
• “Main Transmission lines “ means height press cables or oh lines used
for transmission of energy from g stat to g stat or s stat
• Maximum demand in relation to any period means twice the largest
number of KWh or KVA h supplied or taken during any consecutive 30
min in that period
• “Regional Electricity Board “ means board constituted by resolution of
central govt for a specified region for integration operation of ps
• “Regional Load dispatch Centre “ means centre specified for specified
region and integration of ps with other areas
Wiring accessories and materials

• Domestic Wiring Accessories:

• Main switch : It is a control equipment which connects or disconnects
the main supply.
• An iron clad switch which operates phase and neutral simultaneously
has a fuse kitkat and a neutral link.
• For single phase supply DPIC main switch with fuse and neutral link is
used and for three phase TPIC is used
• Both type of switches have disconnecting links operated by handles.
• No fuse is to be provided on neutral wire (as per rule no 32)
Main Switch
Rating of Switches

• For two wire DC circuits: DPIC main switch 5,15,30 Amp rating 220V
grade of any make approved by BIS
• For three wire DC circuits: TPIC main Switch 30,60, 100,200 Amp
rating 440V grade of any make approved by BIS
• For single phase AC circuit : DPIC main switch 5,15,30 Amp rating
220V grade of any make approved by BIS.
• For Three phase three wire or 3 phase Balanced load: TPIC main
Switch 30,60, 100,200 Amp rating 440V grade of any make approved
by BIS
Main Switch

• Main switch has Following requirements:

• The switch and fuse shall be enclosed in a strong metallic enclosure
• Thr iron closure must be dust proof,weather proof and have mounting
arrangements on a wall or on iron frame.
• There should be providion for machine screws for holding earth ing
thimbles with iron clad switches.
• The positions ON and OFF should be clearly and indelibly marked on
it.
• The actuating lever should be in effective electrical contact with the
cover and fully insulated from the circuit.
Main Switch Schematic and Symbol
• Double Throw Switch : The double throw switch is intended to control
two supplies that is there are two different inputs and single output.
The two supplies one from Generator and other from nearest
distribution pole are controlled through double throw switch
Distribution Board
• The purpose is to distribute the supply from the main circuit into
various circuits and sub circuits through protective fuses .
• The latest fuse units have been designed to serve as protective and
disconnecting units
• The units serving the dual purpose are MCB (Miniature Circuit
Breaker)
DB with SP MCB, Nuetral Link and Earth Link
Db with TP MCB, Neutral Link and Earth Link
Fuse carrier
• In simple terms ,a porcelain kitkat fuse is used as the house fuse wire.
• The detachable upper part is known as fuse carrier which is used to
hold a thin fuse wire and then assemble into the other part which is
connected with the incoming and outgoing terminals of phase or live
wire.
• A Fuse is a thin wire of short length having low melting point. It is
inserted in electric circuit as a protective device against short
cirurcuit, earth fault ..
Fuse carrier or Fuse Holder

Re-wireable fuse is used where low values of fault currents

are to be interrupted. These fuses are simple in construction,
cheap and available up to a current rating of 200 A.
These types of fuses include two essential parts such as a
fuse base, which has two terminals like in and out and
fuse carrier, which grips the fuse element.
Hrc fuse
In this type of fuse, the fuse wire or element can carry
short circuit heavy current for a known time period.
The enclosure of HRC fuse is either of glass or some other
chemical compound. This enclosure is sufficiently airtight
to avoid the effect of the atmosphere on the fuse materials
.The ceramic enclosure having metal end cap at both heads
, to which fusible silver wire gets welded.
The space within the enclosure,
surrounding the fuse wire or element,
completely packed with a filling powder, such as chalk,
plaster of paris, quartz or marble dust.
Under normal conditions, the fuse element is at a
temperature below its melting point.
When a fault occurs, the current increases and the
fuse element melt before the fault current reaches its
peak value.
Ceiling Roses

•The ceiling roses are used to provide a tapping to fluorescent tube or a ceiling fan through the flexible
wire. The ceiling rose consists of a circular base of bakelite or porcelain provided with two or three
terminals
•A ceiling rose is provided with a hole through which flexible wire passes
•Two plate ceiling rose
•Three plate ceiling rose
Socket outlet

The function of socket outlet is to provide tappings from socket terminals to the electrical fixture
such as radio table fan and heater etc.; The socket outlets are of two types
i) two or three pin 5 Amp
Ii)Three pin 15 Amp
Lamp holders
• The function of lamp holder is to hold the lamp and to connect it
electrically to supply terminals. They are classified as
• Batten lamp holder
• Pendant lamp holder
• Angle lamp holder
• Swival lamp holder
• Bracket lamp holder
Batten Lamp holder
This type of holder is fixed over round blocks or wooden
boards with three screws. The connections to the batten
holder are given from beneath the round clock by drilling
two holes for the purpose
Pendant Lamp holder

When a lamp holder is made to hang downward from the

Ceiling rose with a flexible wire , a pendant holder as shown
In the diagram is used
Angle lamp holder

This is used where the lamp is required to be fixed

Directly on the wall on round block. The connections
To the angle holder are given from behind it
Through the round block
Swival lamp holder

These are designed for controlled wide angle directional

lighting which are used for lighting of shop windows, show
Cases etc., It consists of a ball and socket joint fitted between
Back plate and lamp holder
Bracket lamp holder

The brass bracket may be given any shape but the

Direction of bulb holder is towards floor at some angle .

All the lamp holder types shown are of brass or bakelite