Chapter 8

Quantities in Chemical Reactions

Products are
carbon dioxide Octane in gas tank
and water

Octane mixes
with oxygen

2006, Prentice Hall

 CHAPTER OUTLINE
 Stoichiometry
 Molar Ratios
 Mole-Mole Calculations
 Mass-Mole Calculations
 Mass-Mass Calculations
 Limiting Reactant
 Percent Yield

2
Global Warming: Too Much Carbon Dioxide

• The combustion of
fossil fuels such as
octane (shown here)
produces water and
carbon dioxide as
products.
• Carbon dioxide is a
greenhouse gas that is
believed to be
responsible for global
warming.
 The greenhouse effect
• Greenhouse gases
act like glass in a
greenhouse, allowing
visible-light energy to
enter the atmosphere
but preventing heat
energy from escaping.
• Outgoing heat is
trapped by
greenhouse gases.
 Combustion of fossil fuels produces CO 2.

• Consider the combustion of octane (C 8H18), a

component of gasoline:
2 C8H18(l) + 25 O2(g)  16 CO2(g) + 18 H2O(g)

• The balanced chemical equation shows that

16 mol of CO2 are produced for every 2 mol of
octane burned.
 Global Warming
• scientists have measured an average
0.6°C rise in atmospheric temperature
since 1860
• during the same period atmospheric
CO2 levels have risen 25%
 The Source of Increased CO2
• the primary source of the increased CO2
levels are combustion reactions of fossil fuels
we use to get energy (methane and octane)
– 1860 corresponds to the beginning of the
Industrial Revolution in the US and Europe

CH 4(g)  2 O 2(g)  CO 2(g)  2 H 2O(g) 2 C8H18(l)  25 O 2(g)  16 CO 2(g)  18 H 2O(g)

 STOICHIOMETRY

 Stoichiometry is the quantitative relationship

between the reactants and products in a
balanced chemical equation.
 A balanced chemical equation provides several
important information about the reactants and
products in a chemical reaction.

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 MOLAR
RATIOS
For example:

1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

1 molecule This is the molar 2 molecules

3 molecules
ratios between
100 molecules the300 moleculesand200 molecules
reactants
106 molecules 3x10 products
6
molecules 2x106 molecules

1 mole 3 moles 2 moles

9
Examples:
Determine each mole ratio below based on the
reaction shown:

2 C4H10 + 13 O2  8 CO2 + 10 H2O

mol O 2 13
=
mol CO 2 8
mol C4 H10 2
=
mol H 2O 10
10
 Stoichiometry
Stoichiometry - Allows us to predict products that
form in a reaction based on amount of reactants.

The amount of each element must be the same throughout the

overall reaction.

For example, the amount of element H or O on the reactant side must

equal the amount of element H or O on the product side.

2H2 + O2 2H2O
 STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS
 Stoichiometric calculations can be classified as
Mass-mass
one of the following:
calculations
MASS of Mass-mole
MASS of
Mole-mole
calculations
compound B
compound A
calculations
MM MM

MOLES of molar ratio

MOLES of
compound A compound B

12
 MOLE-MOLE
CALCULATIONS
 Relates moles of reactants and products in a
balanced chemical equation

MOLES of molar ratio

MOLES of
compound A compound B

13
Example 1:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
32 moles of hydrogen? (Assume excess N2 present)

1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

2 mol NH 3
32 mol H2 x
3 mol H 2 = 21 mol NH3

Mole ratio
14
Example 2:
In one experiment, 6.80 mol of ammonia are
prepared. How many moles of hydrogen were used
up in this experiment?

1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

3 mol H 2
6.80 mol NH3 x
2 mol NH 3 = 10.2 mol H2

Mole ratio
15
 MASS-MOLE
CALCULATIONS
 Relates moles and mass of reactants or products
in a balanced chemical equation

MASS of
compound A

MM

MOLES of molar ratio

MOLES of
compound A compound B

16
Example 1:
How many moles of ammonia can be produced from
the reaction of 125 g of nitrogen?

1 N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g)  2 NH3 (g)

1 mol N 2 2 mol NH 3
125 g N2 x x = 8.93 mol NH3
28.0 g N 2 1 mol N 2

Molar mass Mole ratio

17
 MASS -MASS
CALCULATIONS
 Relates mass of reactants and products in
a balanced chemical equation

MASS of MASS of
compound A compound B

MM MM

MOLES of molar ratio

MOLES of
compound A compound B

18
Example 1:
What mass of carbon dioxide will be produced from
the reaction of 175 g of propane, as shown?

1 C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

Moles of
Mass of Moles of
carbon
propane propane
dioxide

Mass of
carbon dioxide
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Example 1:
1 C3H8 (g) + 5 O2 (g)  3 CO2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

1 mol C3 H 8 3 mol CO 2
175 g C3H8 x x
44.1 g C3 H 8 1 mol C3 H 8
44.0 g CO 2
x
1 mol CO 2 = 524 g CO2
Molar mass
Molar mass Mole ratio

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 LIMITING
REACTANT
 When 2 or more reactants are combined in non-
stoichiometric ratios, the amount of product
produced is limited by the reactant that is not in
excess.
 This reactant is referred to as limiting reactant.
 When doing stoichiometric problems of this
type, the limiting reactant must be determined
first before proceeding with the calculations.

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 LIMITING REACTANT ANALOGY

Consider the following recipe for a sundae:

22
 LIMITING REACTANT ANALOGY

The number
How many sundaes
of sundaes
can possible
be prepared
is limited
from the
by the
followingofingredients:
amount syrup, the limiting reactant.

Limiting
reactant
Excess
reactants 23
 LIMITING
REACTANT
 When
Comparesolving
yourlimiting
answersreactant
for eachproblems,
assumption; the
assumevalue
lower eachisreactant is limiting
the correct reactant,
assumption. and
Lower
calculate the desired quantity based onvalue
that is
assumption. correct
A+B C
A is LR Calculate
amount of C

B is LR Calculate
amount of C

24
Example 1:
A fuel mixture used in the early days of rocketry
was a mixture of N2H4 and N2O4, as shown below.
How many grams of N2 gas is produced when 100 g
of N2H4 and 200 g of N2O4 are mixed?

2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

Limiting Mass-mass
reactant calculations

25
Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

Assume N2H4 is LR

x
1 mol N 2 H 4
x
3 mol N 2
=
100 g N2H4
32.04 g N 2 H 4 2 mol N 2 H 4

4.68 mol N2

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Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

Assume N2O4 is LR

x
1 mol N 2O 4
x
3 mol N 2
=
200 g N2O4
92.00 g N 2O 4 1 mol N 2O 4

6.52 mol N2

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Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

Assume N2H4 is LR 4.68 mol N2

Assume N2O4 is LR 6.52 mol N2

Correct
N2H4 is
amount
LR

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 Example 1:
2 N2H4 (l) + 1 N2O4 (l)  3 N2 (g) + 4 H2O (g)

Calculate mass of N2

x
28.0 g N2
4.68 mol N2
1 mol N 2 = 131 g N2

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Example 2:
How many grams of AgBr can be produced when
50.0 g of MgBr2 is mixed with 100.0 g of AgNO3, as
shown below:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3  2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2

Limiting
Reactant

30
Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3  2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2

Assume MgBr2 is LR
1 mol MgBr2
x
2 mol AgBr
50.0 g MgBr2 x
184.1 g MgBr2 1 mol MgBr2

x
187.8 g AgBr
= 102 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr

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Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3  2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2

Assume AgNO3 is LR
1 mol AgNO 3
x
2 mol AgBr
100.0 g AgNO3 x
169.9 g AgNO 3 2 mol AgNO 3

x
187.8 g AgBr
= 111 g AgBr
1 mol AgBr

32
Example 2:
MgBr2 + 2 AgNO3  2 AgBr + Mg(NO3)2

Assume MgBr2 is LR 102 g AgBr

Assume AgNO3 is LR 111 g AgBr

Correct
MgBr2
amount
is LR

33
 PERCENT YIELD

 The amount of product calculated through

stoichiometric ratios are the maximum amount
product that can be produced during the
reaction, and is thus called theoretical yield.
 The actual yield of a product in a chemical
reaction is the actual amount obtained from the
reaction.

34
 PERCENT YIELD

 The percent yield of a reaction is obtained as

follows:

Actual yield
x100 = Percent yield
Theoretical yield

35
Example 1:
In an experiment forming ethanol, the theoretical
yield is 50.0 g and the actual yield is 46.8 g. What is
the percent yield for this reaction?

Actual yield 46.8 g

% yield = x100 = x100 = 92.7 %
Theoretical yield 50.0 g

36
Example 2:
Silicon carbide can be formed from the reaction of
sand (SiO2) with carbon as shown below:

1 SiO2 (s) + 3 C (s)  1 SiC (s) + 2 CO (g)

When 100 g of sand are processed, 51.4g of SiC is

produced. What is the percent yield of SiC in this
reaction?
Actual
yield

37
Example 2:
1 SiO2 (s) + 3 C (s)  1 SiC (s) + 2 CO (g)

Calculate theoretical yield

x
1 mol SiO 2
x
1 mol SiC 40.1 g SiC
100 g SiO2 x =
60.1 g SiO 2 1 mol SiO 2 1 mol SiC

66.7 g SiC

38
Example 2:

Calculate percent yield

Actual yield 51.4 g

% yield = x100 = x100 = 77.1 %
Theoretical yield 66.7 g

39
 Theoretical and Actual Yield
• In order to determine the theoretical yield, we
use reaction stoichiometry to determine the
amount of product each of our reactants
could make.
• The theoretical yield will always be the least
possible amount of product.
– The theoretical yield will always come from the
limiting reactant.
• Because of both controllable and
uncontrollable factors, the actual yield of
product will always be less than the
theoretical yield.
 Chap. 8 terms you should know
1. Limiting reactant - the reactant that limits the amount of product produced in a
chemical reaction. The reactant that makes the least amount of product.

2. Theoretical yield - the amount of product that can be made in a chemical

reaction based on the amount of limiting reactant.

3. Actual yield - the amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction.

4. Percent yield - The percent of the theoretical yield that was actually obtained.

actual yield
% yield = x 100
theoretical yield
THE END

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