Cloud Computing

Syllabus

Unit I : Introduction to Virtualization and Technologies

Unit II : Fundamental Cloud Computing and Models
Unit III : Cloud Computing Mechanisms and Architecture
Unit IV : Cloud Security and Disaster Recovery
Unit V : Case Studies: Salaesforce, Facebook,
GoogleAppEngine, MS-Azure, IBM Bluemix,
Amazon EC2, S3 and Netflix

1
 CLOUD COMPUTING
CC 5 - Units

CC 5 - Units Include
s

Virtualization Cloud Computing

Case Studies

Introduction to Virtualization Virtualization Disaster

Cloud Deployment Cloud Cloud
Virtualization Fundamentals Technologies Recovery
Services Models Security Architectur
e
Disaster
Host Recovery
Why Security Planning
Definition Ubuntu SaaS Public
Virtualization
Cloud Data
Security Disaster
VMware
Private Management
Virtualization Cloud
PaaS
Objectives Process Para Network
Hybrid Security
Cloud
Windows
Community Cloud
Storage IaaS Amazon S3
What can be Storage
Management
Virtualized
Inter Cloud Salesforce.com
Software
XaaS
MS-Azure
Related forms Benefits Altiris
of Computing
Google App Engine
Hyper-V

Oracle IBM Bluemix Cloud

 Unit-II
1. Cloud Computing: It is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access through internet
to a shared pool of configurable computing resources i.e.
networks, servers, storage, applications, and services that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal
management effort or service provider interaction is
called “Cloud Computing”. (NIST, USA)

 Ex: Web-based applications such as Google’s Gmail can

be accessed in real time from an internet-connected
machine anywhere in the world.

3
 Fundamental Cloud Computing and Models: It
consists of
1. Cloud Computing origin, influences, basic concepts and
terminology

2. Goals and benefits

3. Risks and challenges

4. Cloud Models: Roles and boundaries

5. Cloud characteristics

6. Cloud delivery models

7. Cloud deployment models

4
1) Cloud Computing origin, influences, basic concepts and
terminology: Cloud Computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access through internet to a shared
pool of configurable computing resources i.e. networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction is called “Cloud Computing”.
 Cloud computing is a Metaphor for the Internet.
 Cloud Computing is Internet based computing.
 Derived from depiction in Network diagrams(TCP/IP).
 Cloud computing is an Internet based development of applications and
services.
 Cloud Computing is a Multitenant Architecture.
 Introduced by J.C.K Licklider and John. McCarthy in 1961.
 It provides the resources that are as services, those services are on-
demand services i.e. Pay and use.
 Cloud computing is form of Distributed Computing.
 The Heart of the Cloud computing is “Data center and
5
Virtualization”.
6
 Infrastructure models are also called as Deployment Models.
 Cloud computing is a 5-4-3 Formula i.e. 5 Characteristics, 4 Infrastructural
Models and 3 major Services.
 Five Characteristics
1. On Demand Service
2. Broad Network Access
3. Resource Pooling OBR2M
4. Rapid Elasticity
5. Measured Service

 Four Infrastructure/Deployment Models

1. Public cloud
2. Private cloud
3. Hybrid cloud PPHC
4. Community cloud/Inter Cloud

 Three Major Services

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)
SPI
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
7
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Fig: Why Cloud Computing 8
 Cloud Computing is a style of computing in which
massively scalable IT-related capabilities are provided "as
a service" using Internet technologies to multiple external
customers.

 Cloud computing has three important sections

1) Front end 2) Back end 3) Connectivity

 Front end: Cloud client , Thin client interface, cloud end-

user

 Connectivity: Internet.

 Back end: Datacenter and Virtualization software

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 2) Cloud Computing Characteristics
 Cloud Computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous,
convenient, on-demand network access through internet to a
shared pool of configurable computing resources i.e. networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services that can be rapidly
provisioned and released with minimal management effort or
service provider interaction is called “Cloud Computing”.

 There are five major five characteristics of cloud computing

is

1. On-Demand computing
2. Broad Network Access
3. Resource Pooling
4. Rapid Elasticity
5. Measured Service 10
Fig: Cloud Computing Characteristics & Services
11
1. On-Demand Self-Service: Customers can automatically provision
computing capabilities and resources on their own when needed without
necessitating any human intervention.

2. Broad Network Access: Access and capabilities are available over the
network through standard devices, such as cell phones, laptops, PDAs,
etc.

3. Resource Pooling: Resources such as network bandwidth, virtual

machines, memory, processing power, storage capacity, etc. are pooled
together to serve multiple customers using a multi-tenant model.

4. Rapid Elasticity: Depending on demand, resources and capabilities can

be quickly and automatically deployed and scaled at any quantity and at
any time.

5. Measured Service: Customer usage of the vendor’s resources and

services are automatically monitored, controlled and reported offering a
high level of transparency for the customer and vendor.
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 Benefits of Cloud Computing

 Reducing Hardware Cost

 Reducing Software Cost
 Reduced implementation and maintenance costs.
 Increased Mobility for a global workforce.
 Flexible and scalable infrastructures.
 Quick-time-to-market.
 Greening of the data centers.
 Increasing availability of high-performance applications

13
Fig: Cloud Computing Benefits
 Limitations of Cloud Computing
 Secured Data Management

 Privacy and Reliability

 Performance

 Availability

 Ownership Rights

 High speed access to - internet and standardization 15

 Advantages of Cloud Computing
 Reduce on infrastructure: Maintain easy access to your information with
minimal upfront spending. Pay as you go (weekly, quarterly or yearly), based
on demand.
 Globalize your workforce for low: People worldwide can access the cloud,
provided they have an Internet connection.
 Streamline processes: Get more work done in less time with less people.
 Reduce capital costs: There’s no need to spend big money on hardware,
software or licensing fees.
 Improve accessibility: You have access anytime, anywhere, making your life
so much easier!
 Monitor projects more effectively: Stay within budget and ahead of
completion cycle times.
 Less personnel training is needed: It takes fewer people to do more work on
a cloud, with a minimal learning curve on hardware and software issues.
 Minimize licensing new software: Stretch and grow without the need to buy
expensive software licenses or programs.
 Improved flexibility: Provides users with more flexible options in choosing
the services.
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Fig: Advantages of Cloud Computing 17
 Disadvantages of Cloud Computing
 Performance: One of the major problems with the cloud
computing technique is that the application performance
may suffer.
 Security: Cloud hosting does not provide you as much
secure environment as you need.
 Redundancy: One of the misconceptions of cloud
hosting is that it’s hosted “in the sky and not in a
datacenter,” which is not true.
 Cost: One of the misconceptions of cloud hosting is that
it is cost effective which is partially true.
 Sometimes frustrating: Exploration of next-generation
IT models requires a thrill-seeking strength of mind and
technical perspicacity. 18
Fig: Disadvantages of Cloud Computing 19
 Applications
 Web Apps (Face book)
 SaaS (Google Apps, Salesforce)
 Software + Services (MS Online Services)
 P2P (Skype)
 Backup and Recovery
 Organizational Applications
 Distributed data computing
 Online Banking
 Online Gaming
 E-commerce
 Financial organizations and Banking
 Health care sectors
 Education
 Agriculture
 Government
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3) Cloud Computing Services: These services are
delivering Cloud Computing Software, Platform, infrastructure –
Software's, platforms, servers, storage, network and operating systems
– as an on-demand service.

 The Cloud Computing services are

1. Software as a Service (SaaS)
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)
3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
4. Architecture-as-a-Service (AaaS)
5. Database as a Service (DBaaS)
6. Identity-as-a-Service( IDaaS)
7. Testing-as-a-Service( TaaS)
8. Network as a Service (NaaS)
9. Storage-as-a-Service( StaaS)
10. Anything as a Service (XaaS) 21
1) SaaS (Software-as-a-Service): Software as a Service
(SaaS) provides business processes and applications,
including CRM, e-mails, collaboration, and so on.

 Software as a Service (SaaS) application is offered as a

service and providers price applications using a
subscription fee.

 SaaS helps in optimizing the cost and delivery in

exchange of negligible customization and represents a
shift of operational risks from the consumer to the
provider.

 SaaS is sometimes referred to as “on-demand software”

and is usually priced on a pay-per-use basis. 22
  Amazon EC2
 IBM Bluemix

 MS-Azure
 Force.com
 Google App Engine
 IBM Bluemix

 Salesforce
 IBM Bluemix
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 Who Uses It : Business Users
 Why use it : To complete business tasks

Examples:
 Salesforce.com
 Microsoft Office 365
 G-Mail
 Google app’s,
 Social networks.
 Cisco, Zoho planner,
 Google Docs.
 ERP, VoIP, BI, Supply chain

Characteristics of SaaS include

 The application is hosted centrally.
 Outsourcing hardware and software support to the cloud provider.
 Enhancing the potential of an organization to reduce its IT operational costs.
 No need to install new software to release updates, any update can be executed by
the cloud provider itself not the customers.
 Software testing takes place at a faster rate as SaaS applications have only24 one
24
configuration.
 2) PaaS: Platform-as-a-Service
 Platform as a Service (PaaS) is another service model of cloud
computing that provides application execution services like
application runtime, storage, and integration.

 PaaS follows a resourceful and responsive approach to operate

scale-out applications and make these applications profitable.

 Optimized IT and developer tools offered through Platform as a

Service (PaaS) for Database and Testing Environments.

 Customers interact with platform through API.

 Who Uses It: Developers and Deployers

 Why use it : Create or deploy applications and services for users
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Examples:
MS-Azure, Force.com,
Google App Engine
Force.com
IBM Bluemix

Characteristics of PaaS include

 Facilitation of hosting capabilities
 Designing and developing the application
 Integrating web services and databases
 Providing security, scalability and storage
 Versioning the application and application
instrumentation
 Testing and deployment facilities.
3) IaaS (infrastructure-as-a-Service): It is also known as
Hardware as a Service (HaaS) and including storage,
servers hardware and networking components.

 IaaS offers a standardized, dynamic, flexible and

sometimes virtualized environment for the end users.

 It provides on-demand, highly scalable computing,

storage and hosting services.

 It provides delivers storage and computing power.

 It provides rids of virtualized Servers, Storage devices

and Network resources.
 Who Uses It: System Managers
 Why use it: Create platforms for service and application test,
development, integration and deployment.
 Examples:
 Amazon services - EC2 & S3
 IBM Bluemix
 GoGrid, 3Terra

Characteristics of IaaS include

 Virtualization of Desktop
 Internet availability
 Use of billing model
 Computerized administrative tasks
 Utility computing service
 Policy-based services
 Active scaling
Fig: Cloud Services overview and Applications 29
4.Architecture-as-a-Service(AaaS): The social application
architecture is simulates the Cloud computing architecture. The social
networking process involved with Varity of networks such of
Corporate Network, Home area network , Wireless Personal area
network n Internet and vehicular area network.

 Eg: Facebook, Twitter

5.Database-as-a-Service(DaaS):Database-as-a- Service traditionally

supported on-premise database management functions are releasing
cloud versions of their products.

 Eg: Oracle OBIEE, MS-SQL,MYSQL, IBMDB2 etc.

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6.Identity-as-a-Service(IaaS): Identity-as-a-Service refers to the
management of identities in the cloud, apart from the applications and
providers that use them.

 Eg: MS-Azure

7.Testing as a Service(TaaS): It provides online testing platform.

 Ex: Hp Load Test, Soasta, IBM-RFT, HP-QTP

8.Network as a Service (NaaS): Communications assets and massive

subscriber base, the global (mobile) telecom network can tap this
market and provide valuable, revenue generating cloud computing
capabilities in the form of Network as a Service (NaaS).
 Eg: Motorola Cloud, Facebook, LinkedIn, Twitter etc.
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9.Storage-as-a-Service(StaaS): Storage as a Service is a
business model in which a large company rents space in
their storage infrastructure to a smaller company or
individual.
 E.g.: Amazon and EMC, GoGrid, 3 Terra, IBM Cloud

10: Any thing as a Service(XaaS): any kind of resources

that are provisioned as a service is called anything as a
service.
 E.g.: Amazon and EMC, Salesforce.com, MS-Azure etc.

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 4. Cloud Infrastructural Models
 Cloud infrastructural models is also called as cloud Deployment
Models (or) Types of Clouds.
 Cloud Infrastructure Model can be implemented through
infrastructure as a service to platform as a service.

 Four fundamental elements of Commercial Cloud is

 Computing.
 Storage.
 Database.
 Networking.

 Cloud Computing deployment Models are:

1. Public Cloud
2. Private Cloud
3. Hybrid Cloud
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4. Community Cloud
 COMMUNITY CLOUD

PRIVATE CLOUD Shared by several

organizations and
Operated solely for an supports a specific
organization. community that has
shared concerns

HYBRID CLOUD
PUBLIC CLOUD
Composition of two or more clouds
Made available to the (private, community, or public) that
general public or a large remain unique entities but are
industry group and is owned bound together by standardized or
by an organization selling proprietary technology that enables
cloud services. data and application portability

Fig: Deployment Models 34

1. Private Cloud: Private Cloud is also known as Internal
Cloud and Enterprise owned or leased.
 Private Cloud is infrastructure operated solely for a
single organization, whether managed internally or by a
third party and hosted internally or externally.
 Ex: MS-Azure, Salesforce, Amazon S3.

2. Public Cloud: Public cloud is also known as External

Cloud and Sold to the public, mega-scale infrastructure.
 Public cloud describes cloud computing in the traditional
mainstream sense, whereby resources are dynamically
provisioned to the general public on a fine-grained.
 Ex: Gmail, Google docs, Drop box, Google Drive etc;
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1. Made available to the general public or 1. Operated solely for an
a large industry group and is owned by organization.
an organization selling cloud services. 2. Hosted at a Service provider site.
2. Hosted at a Service provider site. 3. Supports one customer.
3. Supports multiple customers. 4. Does not utilizes shared
4. Often utilizes shared Infrastructure. Infrastructure.
5. Supports connectivity over the Internet 5. Connectivity over private Network
or fiber or the Internet
6. Suited for Information i.e. not
sensitive. 6. Suited for Information that
requires a high level security.
7. It can be cheaper than private cloud
7. It can be higher than public cloud.
8. Ex: Gmail, Google docs, Drop box,
Google Drive, BSNL Portal Cloud, 8. Ex: MS-Azure, Salesforce,
IRCTC Cloud etc. Amazon EC2 or S3
3. Hybrid Cloud: Hybrid cloud is a composition of two or
more clouds (private, public or community) that remain
unique entities but are bound together, offering the
benefits of multiple deployment models.
 Hybrid cloud increases flexibility of computing.
 Ex: MS-Azure, Salesforce, IBM Blue cloud.
4. Community Cloud: Community Cloud is also known as
External Cloud and Shared infrastructure for specific
community.
 Community cloud shares infrastructure between several
organizations from a specific community with common
concerns (security, compliance, jurisdiction, etc.), whether
managed internally or by a third-party and hosted
internally or externally.
 Ex: Health cloud, E-Gov, Social networks. 37
5. Inter Cloud: The Inter Cloud is an interconnected global
"Cloud of clouds" and an extension of the Internet
"Network of networks" on which it is based. Inter Cloud
is a Scaling of Applications across multiple Cloud
Computing Environments.
6. Virtual Private Cloud (VPC): An IT solution platform
that integrates local and commercial cloud infrastructure
under a single management.
7. Regional Clouds: Geographical Cloud Computing -
Response based scaling on a regional basis and Regional
Scaling and Monitoring.
8. Offline Clouds: What happens when your lose
connectivity and What happens when your infrastructure
goes down.
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 5) Cloud Computing Layers
Major cloud computing layers are:
i. Servers: Are the physical servers where the data is stored.
ii. Infrastructure: It’s a platform virtualization environment.
iii. Platform: Simply it’s where you write the code of applications
that consume infrastructure.
iv. Application: Delivers Software over the internet, eliminating the
need to install and run the application on customer’s own
computers.
v. Client: Computer Hardware or Computer Software that uses the
developed application.

39
 Cloud computing is made up of a variety of layered
elements, starting at the most basic physical layer of
storage and server infrastructure and working up through
the application and network layers.

 The cloud can be further divided into different

implementation models based on whether it's created
internally, outsourced or a combination of the two.

 The three cloud layers are:

 Infrastructure cloud: Abstracts applications from servers
and servers from storage
 Content cloud: Abstracts data from applications
 Information cloud: Abstracts access from clients to data.40
 6) Cloud Computing Components
 Cloud computing is a Model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient,
on-demand network access through Internet to a shared pool of
configurable computing resources i.e. networks, servers, storage,
applications, and services that can be rapidly provisioned and
released with minimal management effort or service provider
interaction.

 Cloud Computing components are

a) Client
b) Datacenters
c) Distributed servers
d) Cloud consumer
e) Cloud Service Provider(CSP)
f) Cloud computing SLA
g) Cloud broker
h) Cloud carrier
41
Fig: NIST Reference Model with Components
42
a) Client: It’s a computers / devices that sits on desk.
 End users are those who interact with clients to avail
cloud services.
 Ex: Smart devices, Thin clients, Thick Clients

b) Data Center: integration or collection of servers where

the applications to which you subscribe is housed.
 Room full of servers at one place that can be accesses via
internet – virtual servers.

c) Distributed Servers: Its not mandatory to have all

servers in one place they are geographically spread.
 This gives CSP more options and security.
43
d) Cloud Consumer: Person or organization that maintains a
business relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Service
Providers.

e) Cloud Provider: Person, organization or entity responsible for

making a service available to service consumers.

f) Cloud Carrier: The intermediary that provides connectivity and

transport of cloud services between Cloud Providers and Cloud
Consumers.

g) Cloud Broker: An entity that manages the use, performance and

delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between
Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers.

h) Cloud Auditor: A party that can conduct independent assessment

of cloud services, information system operations, performance
44
and security of the cloud implementation.
 7. Cloud Computing Protocols
Among a handful of application protocols (HTTP, FTP, etc.),
would there be a very few protocols that will see much wider
usage as cloud computing becomes more and more popular.

With the advent of cloud computing, networking protocols

such as TCP, UDP, SNMP, etc are more relevant than ever.

Cloud computing works because of networking. Without these

networking protocols, we would not have "cloud.“

A discussion of the wide range of protocols and architecture in

grid/cloud/distributed computing is in order. Bill Brogden
discusses some of them in order of increasing complexity.
45
It consists of common standards and protocols:
i) Common standards:
1. The Open Cloud Consortium(OCC)
2. The Distributed Management Task Force(DMTF)
3. Open Virtualization format(OVF)

ii) Common protocols in cloud:

1. Standards for Messaging and Communications (SMTP, POP,
IMAP, Atom Publishing Protocol, HTTP, SIMPLE, XMPP)
2. Standards for Application Developers (Browser, Data, Solution
stacks)
3. Standards for Security(SAML, OAuth, Open ID, SSL/TLS)
46
i) Common standards are:
1. OCC(open cloud infrastructure): Its an standard organization
where many universities and it sectors collaboratively work to
frame the interoperable standards. Working Groups: Terra flow
test bed, open science data cloud(OSDC).

2. DMTF(Distributed management task force): It provides standards

to develop, test the systems. Working groups:
VMAN(virtualization management Initiative)

3. OVF(Open Virtualization Format): Simplifies interoperability,

security and virtual m/c life cycle management by describing open,
portable, efficient format for packaging and distribution of
one/more virtual appliances. Advantages are simplified installation
and deployment process and VM packaging portability.

47
ii) Common Protocols for cloud computing:

1. Standards for Messaging and Communication: These are

protocols: SMTP, FTP, POP, IMAP((Internet Message Access
Protocol), Atom Publishing Protocol, RSS(Really simple
syndication), HTTP, XMPP (Extensible Messaging Presence
Protocol), SOAP(Simple Object Access Protocol)

2. Standards for Application Developers: Browser(AJAX), Data

(XML, JSON-Java script object notation), Solution stacks
(LAMP-Linux Apache My SQL PHP, LAPP- Linux Apache
Postgre SQL PHP)

3. Standards for Security uses following protocols: (SAML(Security

Assertion Markup Language) OAuth, Open ID, SSL/
TLS(Transport layer security)
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8. CLOUD COMPUTING ARCHITECTURE: Cloud computing
architecture refers to the components and subcomponents
required for cloud computing, these components typically
consist of a front end platform i.e. fat client, thin client,
mobile device, back end platforms i.e. servers, storage, a cloud
based delivery, and a network i.e. Internet, Intranet, Inter-
cloud, combined, these components are called as Cloud
Computing Architecture.

 A set of structures of a system with software elements,

hardware elements and relations, properties among them is
called as Cloud Computing Architecture.

 Cloud computing architecture is the responsibility of the back

end to provide built-in security mechanism, traffic control and
protocols. 49
 The Cloud Computing architecture comprises of many
cloud components, each of them are loosely coupled, it
can broadly divide the cloud architecture into two parts:

i) Front End: It refers to the client part of cloud computing

system. It consists of interfaces and applications that are
required to access the cloud computing platforms, E.g.,
Web Browser, thin client, fat client, mobile device.

ii) Back End: It refers to the cloud itself and resources

required to provide cloud computing services. It comprises
of huge data storage, virtual machines, security
mechanism, services, deployment models, servers, etc.
E.g., servers, storage etc.
50
 Cloud Computing Architecture requirements are
1. User Requirements
2. Enterprise Requirements
3. Provider Requirements

1) User Requirements: These are

 User consumption based billing and metering
 User centric privacy
 SLA-Service Level Agreement
 Adaptability and Learning
 User experience

2) Enterprise Requirements: These are

 Cloud Deployment
 Security
 Data Governance
 Data Migration
 Business Process Management
 Third Party Engagement
 Transferable Skills 51
3) Provider Requirements: These are
 Service Delivery Models
 Service centric Issues
 Fault Tolerance
 Data Management, Storage and Processing
 Virtualization Management
 Load Balancing

 Objective of NIST reference architecture is to illustrate and

understand various cloud services in the context of an overall cloud
computing conceptual model.

 Cloud Application Architectures will help you determine whether

and how to put your applications into these virtualized services,
with critical guidance on issues of cost, availability, performance,
scaling, privacy, and security. 52
 Service Orchestration

Fig: Cloud Computing Architecture (NIST) 53

 There are majorly divided into Cloud Computing Architecture is
1. Cloud Consumer
2. Cloud Provider
3. Cloud Auditor
4. Cloud Carrier
5. Cloud Broker
6. Fundamental Cloud Architectures
7. Cloud Application Components
8. Multi-Tenancy
9. Cloud Integration
10. Client
11. Datacenter
12. Distributed Servers 54
1) Cloud Consumer: Person or organization that maintains a
business relationship with, and uses service from, Cloud Service
Providers.

2) Cloud Provider: Person, organization or entity responsible for

making a service available to service consumers.

3) Cloud Carrier: The intermediary that provides connectivity and

transport of cloud services between Cloud Providers and Cloud
Consumers.

4) Cloud Broker: An entity that manages the use, performance and

delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between
Cloud Providers and Cloud Consumers.

5) Cloud Auditor: A party that can conduct independent assessment

of cloud services, information system operations, performance
55
and security of the cloud implementation.
6) Fundamental Cloud Architectures: It refers to the components
and subcomponents required for cloud computing, these
components typically consist of a front end platform i.e. fat
client, thin client, mobile device, back end platforms i.e.
servers, storage, a cloud based delivery, and a network i.e.
Internet, Intranet, Inter-cloud, combined, these components
make up cloud computing architecture.

7) Cloud Application Components: These are clients, services,

application, platform, storage and infrastructure.

8) Multi-Tenancy: It is an architecture in which a single instance

of a software application serves multiple customers.

9) Cloud Integration: It is the process of configuring multiple

application programs to share data in the cloud.
56
10. Client: It’s a computers / devices that sits on desk. End
users are those who interact with clients to avail cloud
services. Ex: Smart devices, Thin clients, Thick Clients.

11. Data Center: integration or collection of servers where

the applications to which you subscribe is housed. Room
full of servers at one place that can be accesses via
internet - virtual servers.

12. Distributed Servers: Its not mandatory to have all servers

in one place they are geographically spread. This gives
CSP more options and security.

57
 GRID COMPUTING VS. CLOUD COMPUTING

1. The concept of grids was proposed 1. The concept of Cloud Computing was
by Ian Foster in the 1970’s. proposed by J.C.R.Licklider and John
2. Grids enable access to shared McCarthy in the 1960’s.
computing power and storage 2. Clouds enable access to leased
capacity from your desktop computing power and storage
3. Governments - Providers and users capacity from your desktop
are usually publicly funded research 3. The cloud provider pays for the
organizations, Ex: National Grid computing resources; the user pays to
use them. Ex: Amazon, Google
Initiatives.
4. The cloud providers private data
4. In computing centers distributed
centers which are often centralized in
across different sites, countries and a few locations with excellent network
continents. connections and cheap electrical
5. Grids are an open source power.
technology. 5. Clouds are a proprietary technology.
6. Benefits: Collaboration, 6. Benefits: Flexibility, Reliability, Ease
transparency, Resilience, ownership. of use.
7. Drawbacks: Reliability, complexity, 7. Drawbacks: Security, opacity, rigidity,
commercial. provider lock in.
8. Architecture is service oriented 8. Architecture is user chosen 58
9. Grid Architecture 9. Cloud Architecture
 DISTRIBTED COMPUTING VS. CLOUD COMPUTING

1. The concept of grids was proposed 1. The concept of Cloud Computing was
by Ian Foster in the 1970’s. proposed by J.C.R.Licklider and John
2. Grids enable access to shared McCarthy in the 1960’s.
computing power and storage 2. Clouds enable access to leased
capacity from your desktop computing power and storage
3. Governments - Providers and users capacity from your desktop
are usually publicly funded research 3. The cloud provider pays for the
organizations, Ex: National Grid computing resources; the user pays to
use them. Ex: Amazon, Google
Initiatives.
4. The cloud providers private data
4. In computing centers distributed
centers which are often centralized in
across different sites, countries and a few locations with excellent network
continents. connections and cheap electrical
5. Grids are an open source power.
technology. 5. Clouds are a proprietary technology.
6. Benefits: Collaboration, 6. Benefits: Flexibility, Reliability, Ease
transparency, Resilience, ownership. of use.
7. Drawbacks: Reliability, complexity, 7. Drawbacks: Security, opacity, rigidity,
commercial. provider lock in.
8. Architecture is service oriented 8. Architecture is user chosen 60
 QUIZ - II
1. Write few real time applications where cloud computing can be
used?
Ans) Drop Box, Gmail, Facebook
2. Name the Early contributor for cloud computing in the 1960s
developing ARPANET project?
Ans) J.C.K Licklider and John McCarthy
3. Name the first person to use cloud term in India: _______
And) Ramanathan Chellappa
4. Choose the appropriate top cloud service provider that provides
computing as a service?
a) Amazon EC2 b) MS-Azure c) Salesforce.com d) All
5. Identify the next trend after cloud technology?
a) Cloud computing b) IOT and Big Data c) both a) & b) d) All
61
6. Illustrate four important features of platform virtualization?
Ans) Parallel Processing, Vector Processing, Symmetric Multiprocessing
and Massively Parallel Processing issues
7. Distinguish the Cloud vs. Internet?
Ans) Network of networks used for online communication Vs.
Cloud is considered as delivery of resources available as a service.
8. Name two popular Virtualization Technologies?
Ans) VMware, Hyper-V, Xen and Virtual Iron
9. Define Cloud Computing?
Ans) “A Model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network
access (through Internet) to a shared pool of configurable computing
resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that
can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort
or service provider interaction.”
10. Illustrate with an example where Salesforce.com application can be
used?
Ans) Web applications, Call center Applications 62
11.Define on demand service/computing?
Ans) On-demand self service is also related to utility computing and
the pay-as-you-go subscription method.

12. Give examples of SaaS based applications used in daily life?

Ans) Web applications, Call center Applications

13. Categorize the major services of Cloud Computing?

Ans) SaaS, PaaS, IaaS

14. State different Cloud Computing Layers?

Ans) Client, Server

15. Tell another name of Deployment Models?

Ans) Infrastructural Models 63
16. Write major research issue in Cloud Computing?
Ans) Security and Availability

17. Extend or Expand SLA _____________ and CSP____________

Ans) Service Level Agreement, Cloud Service Provider

18. List few Cloud Computing components?

Ans) Client, Data center, Cloud Auditor, Cloud Carrier

19. Describe 5-4-3 formulae of Cloud Computing?

Ans) 5 Characteristics, 4 Deployment Models and 3 services

20. Compare and contrast of the Public Cloud vs. Private Cloud?
Ans) Many users can access in Public Cloud, only employees of that
organization access private Cloud 64
1. Person maintaining the business relation ship with cloud service
provider is:
Ans) Cloud consumer.
2. Name the person contributor for Grid computing in the 1970s?
Ans) Ian Foster
3. Name the Examples of Grid Computing initiatives?
Ans) SETI, BIONIC, VISHWA, GARUDA, BIOGRID

4. Extend MTBF?
Ans) Mean Time Between Failure.

5. Identify the next trend after Grid Computing?

Ans) a) Cloud computing b) Distributed Computing c) both d)
All
6. Identify under which Design goal of solving bigger problems is important
feature
Ans) a) Grid computing b) cluster c) transactional d) none
7. Distinguish the Grid vs. Internet?
Ans) Internet=network of communication vs. Grid computing=network of
computation

8. Name two popular Computing?

Ans) Transaction Computing, On-Demand Computing, grid computing…

9. Define Grid Computing?

Ans) Grid Computing allows sharing and coordinated use of diverse
resources in dynamic, distributed virtual organizations to solve large scale
computing problems is called Grid Computing.
10. Examples of Cluster computing?
Ans) IBM SEQUOIA, K COMPUTER, ARCnet, TANDEM
HIMALAYAN(nonstop II) 66
11.Define on demand service/computing?
Ans) On-demand self service is also related to utility computing and the pay-as-you-
go subscription method.

12. Give examples of basic Cloud Architecture components?

Ans) Front end, Back end, Cloud Consumer, Cloud Auditor.

13.Which grid is initiative from CDAC?

Ans) A)GARUDA B)BIOIC C) SETI D) VISHWA

14. list Major cloud architectural requirements are :

Ans) User, Enterprise and Providers requirements

15. Define Distributed computing?

Ans) Distributed System is a collection of independent computers, interconnected
via a network, capable of collaborating on a task. (or) Distributed system is a
collection of autonomous hosts that are connected through a computer network.

67
16. Write major research issue in Grid Computing?
Ans) Security and Sharing and Coordinating

17. Extend or Expand SETI ________and BIONIC________

Ans) Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, Berkeley Open
Infrastructure for Network Computing

18. Identify the process of providing computing service through an on-

demand, pay-per-use billing method is ?
Ans) a) utility computing b) transactional computing c)grid d) none

19. Describe Transactional Computing?

Ans) One or more pieces of incoming data are processed together as a
single transaction & establish relations with other data.

20. Important components under typical view of grid computing?

Ans) User, Grid Information Service, Resource Broker and Grid
Resources 68