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Basic Fault Clearing Mechanism

The document discusses various types of electrical faults in power systems such as shunt faults, series faults, and symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. It describes how faults were historically cleared manually but are now automatically cleared by fuses and circuit breakers through interrupting or limiting fault current. Different types of current limiting devices and fault protection systems used in power grids are also outlined.

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kamran Qasim
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95 views12 pages

Basic Fault Clearing Mechanism

The document discusses various types of electrical faults in power systems such as shunt faults, series faults, and symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults. It describes how faults were historically cleared manually but are now automatically cleared by fuses and circuit breakers through interrupting or limiting fault current. Different types of current limiting devices and fault protection systems used in power grids are also outlined.

Uploaded by

kamran Qasim
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Fault

Clearing
Mechanisms

Muhammad Bilal Shafi

16EL18
What is a fault?

– “An abnormal connection (including an arc) of relatively


low impedance, whether made accidentally or
intentionally, between two points of different potential.
Note: The term fault or short-circuit fault is used to
describe a short-circuit.”
(IEEE Standard)
Types of faults.

– Shunt Fault
A fault that is characterized by the flow of current between two or more phases or
between phase(s) and earth at the frequency of the associated power system.

– Series Fault
A fault for which the impedances of each of the three phases are not equal, usually
caused by the interruption of one or two phases
Categories of faults

– Symmetrical Faults
1. L-L-L-G
– Unsymmetrical faults
1. L-G
2. L-L
3. L-L-G
Fault Clearing
In the early days of power systems (late 1800s),
an electrical fault could be detected visually by
the operator and then manually removed.
Today, electrical faults are automatically cleared
by fuses and circuit breakers, or limited by fault-
current limiters.
Fuses

Fuses have been used in power systems since the late 19th century [12]. A fuse is a
device which can carry load currents, but when the current rises above a certain
threshold for a certain time, the conducting path will break down and the fuse will
clear the current.
– Fuses are common in low voltage systems and in some extent in medium voltage systems but not
so common in high voltage systems.
– Depending on the design (there are fuses that are non-current limiting and there are fuses that
are current limiting), a fuse can limit the first current peak of the short-circuit current.
Disadvantages

1. After a fuse has cleared a current it has to be replaced.


2. When load currents flow through a fuse they give rise to losses
proportional to the square of the current (as previously discussed in
chapter 2 equation 2.3). For large load currents the losses can be
unacceptably high.
3. There are power systems where it can be difficult to coordinate fuses
with the remaining protection system so that selectivity is obtained.
Circuit-Breakers

– Power circuit-breakers are used at all voltage levels in a power system. Most
common today in medium voltage systems are either SF6 circuit-breakers2 or
vacuum circuit-breakers. The basic principle of current interruption of an
alternating current is based on the natural zero-crossings of the current twice per
period of the power frequency. Once the contacts of the circuit breaker is opened,
the current will continue to flow through an arc until a natural zero-crossing is
reached. At that moment the arc is extinguished and if the contact separation is
large enough and the arcing channel has cooled sufficiently, the current will be
interrupted. Otherwise, the current will flow in the circuit until next natural zero
crossing before an interruption can take place.
Current Limiting

– The expression “current limiting” is used for apparatus which can protect
the power system from the mechanical forces associated with the first
current peak of the fault current by either interrupt or limit the fault
current before the prospective current peak is reached
Types of current Limiting

1. Series reactor
2. Fuses
3. A switch-fuse combination current limiter
4. Solid-state fault current limiters
5. Superconducting fault current limiters
6. Current diverter
Fault Protection system

1. Fault clearing systems


2. Relay protection system
I. Transducers
II. Wiring
III. Trip coil
IV. Relays
Thank you

I hope there will be no questions

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