GOMBURZA

• Refers to three Filipino Catholic

priests; Jose Burgoz, Mariano Gomez,
and Jacinto Zamora, who were executed
on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan,
Philippines by Spanish colonial
authorities on charges of subversion
arising from the 1872 Cavite mutiny.

• Part of Secularization
GOMBURZA
Ginamit ang pangalan ni Padre Burgos
upang maghikayat ng mga sasama sa
Mutiny

Padre Gomez ay maaaring may alam sa

mutiny sa kadahilanang sa kaniya
nanghihingi ng sama ng loob at sa
kaniya nag kukumpisal ng mga
manggagawa sa kabite.

Padre Zamora ay naidawit dahil sa sulat

na natagpuan sa kaniyang tinitirahan
Fr. Mariano Gómez de los Ángeles
• Born on August 2, 1799 at Sta.
Cruz, Manila
• Son of Alejandro Francisco Gómez
and Martina Custodia.
• Studied at Colegio de San Juan de
Letrán, He took theology in the
University of Santo Tomás.
• Head priest of Bacoor, Cavite
• Oldest in GOMBURZA
José Apolonio Burgos y García
• He was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur
on February 9, 1837
• Insulares Priest
• Son of Don José Tiburcio Burgos
and Florencia García.
• He obtained three undergraduate
degrees with honors, two master's
degrees and two doctorate degrees
from the Colegio de San Juan de
Letran and from the University of
Santo Tomas.
Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario
• Born on August 14, 1835 at
Pandacan, Manila
• Son of Venancio Zamora and
Hilaria del Rosario
• He studied at the Colegio de San
Juan de Letran and later
transferred to the University of
Santo Tomas after finishing his
Bachelor of Arts.
Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario
• Zamora graduated on March 16,
1858 with the degree of Bachelor
of Canon and Civil Laws.
• Zamora’s fatal vice was panguigui
(popular card game)
• Head Priest of Marikina
Jacinto Zamora y del Rosario
• Father Jacinto Zamora was
accused because of the letter
delivered to him

“Grand Reunion … over friends

are well provided with powder
and ammunition”
 The

CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• The Cavite mutiny of 1872 was an

uprising of Filipino military
personnel of Fort San Felipe, the
Spanish arsenal in Cavite on 20th
day of January year 1872.

• Arsenal of Cavite
-stora
 CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

Sergeant Fernando La Madrid

• Their leader was Fernando La
Madrid, a mestizo sergeant with his
second in command Jaerel Brent
Senior, a moreno.

• Filipino Soldiers and laborers of

Cavite arsenal turned out to be
dissatisfied because of the
abolition of their privelages.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872
• signal being the firing of rockets
from the city walls on that night.

• They seized Fort San Felipe and

killed 11 Spanish Officers

• A burst of fireworks in celebration

of the feast of Our Lady of Loreto,
the patron of Sampaloc leads to a
false alarm
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• A regiment led by General Felipe

Ginovés besieged the fort until the
mutineers surrendered.

• Ginovés then ordered his troops to

fire at those who surrendered,
including La Madrid.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• Some Filipino soldiers were

disarmed and later sent into exile
on the southern island of Mindanao.

• Those suspected of directly

supporting the mutineers were
arrested and executed including the
GOMBURZA
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

GARROTE
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872
 Spanish Version of the
CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal
 Jose Montero y Vidal
• Spanish Historian
• Most knowledgeable of the Spanish
historians in the Philippines.
• Has three Major Historical Works
namely:

-El Archipelago Filipino y las islas

Marianas, Carolinas y Palaos: Su
historia, geografia y estadistica,
Madrid, 1886
 Jose Montero y Vidal
-Historia general de Filipinas desde
el descumbrimiento de dichas islas
hasta nuestras dias, Madrid, 1877-
1895, 3 vols

- Historia de la pirateria Malayo-

mahometana en Mindanao, Jolo y
Borneo, Madrid, 1888, 2 vols
 Spanish Version of the
CaviteMutiny of 1872

By:Jose Montero y Vidal

Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• In the beginning of the year 1872, the

authorities received anonymous
communications with the information that a
great uprising would breakout against the
Spaniards.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• The Garisson of Manila, composed mostly of

native soldiers, were involved in this
conspiracy, as well as a multitude of
civilians.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• January 20, 1872

The pre- concerted signal among the conspirators of
Cavite and Manila was the firing of rockets from
the walls of the city.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• In the district of Sampaloc, the fiesta of the

patron saint, the Virgin of Loreto, was being
celebrated with pomp and splendor.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• The military governor of Cavite, D. Fernando

Rojas, despatched two Spaniards to inform the
Manila authorities of the uprising.

• D. Domingo Mijares,an employee of the arsenal

left Cavite in a war vessel for Manila
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• Early the next morning two regiments, under the

command of D. Felipe Ginoves, segundo cabo, left
for Cavite on board the merchant vessels
Filipino, Manila, Isabela I and Isabela II.
Ginoves waited the whole day of the 21st for the
rebels to surrender
• Early in the morning of the 22nd, putting to the
sword the majority of the rebels and making
prisoners of the rest and officially announced
the suppression of the revolt.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• The council of war passed the sentence of death

on forty-one of the rebels.
• On the 6th of February, eleven more were
sentenced to death but the governor general
commuted this sentence to life imprisonment.
• On the 8th of February, Camerino was sentenced to
death and eleven individuals of the famous “Guias
de la Torre” was imprisoned for ten years for the
assassination of the Spaniard.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• On the 15th of February, Filipino priests was

sentenced to death by strangulation; D. Jose Burgos,
D. Jacinto Zamora, D. Mariano Gomez, and Francisco
Saldua
• 10 years imprisonment was sentenced to Maximo
Inocencio, Enrique Paraiso, and Crisanto de los Reyes
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• On the 17th of February, an immense multitude appeared

on the field of Bagumbayan to witness the execution of
the sentence. The attending force was composed of
Filipino troops ready to fire upon the least sign of
uprising.
• Gomes was executed first, then Zamora, then Burgos,
and lastly, Saldua.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• On the 3rd of April, 1872, the Audiencia suspended

from the practice of law the following men: D. Jose
Basa y Enriquez, D. Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, D.
Antonio Ma. Regidor, D. Pedro Carillo, D. Gervasio
Sanchez and D. Jose Mauricio de Leon.
Spanish Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By:Jose Montero y Vidal

• Izquierdo had requested the sending to Manila of

Spanish troops for the defense of the fort as most of
these found here were natives.
• On April 4, 1872 , the government dissolved the native
regiment of artillery and ordered the creation of an
artillery force to be composed exclusively of
Peninsulares.
 Filipino Version of the
CaviteMutiny of 1872

By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

 Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera
• Filipino scholar, scientist, and
historic researcher
• Born in Manila on April 13, 1857
• Parents belonging to the Spanish
nobility
• His father, Felix Pardo de Tavera,
was a lawyer and a brother of the
patriot Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, a
law professor and a government
official.
• Died in Manila on March 26, 1925
(68 years old).
 Filipino Version of the
CaviteMutiny of 1872

By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• According to Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera,

this incident was merely a mutiny by the native
Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal against the harsh policy of despotic
Governor and Captain-General Rafael de
Izquierdo which abolished their old-time
privileges of exemption from paying the annual
tribute and from rendering the polo(forced
labor).
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

Forced labor (polo y servicio):

All male Filipinos from 16-60 years
old were forced to work for the
government for 40 days a year.
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• Some of them, impelled by volcanic wrath, rose

in arms on the night of January 20, 1872, and
killed the commanding officer of the Cavite
arsenal and other Spanish officers.
• This turbulent Cavite incident, which was
magnified by the Spanish officials and friars
into a revolt for Philippine independence, is
narrated by Pardo de Tavera
JANUARY 20, 1872
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• The arrival of General Izquierdo (1871-1873)

was the signal for a complete change in the
aspect of affairs.

• The new governor soon made it clear that

his views were different from those of La Torre
(former Governor) that there would be no change
in the established form of government
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• And he at once announced that he intended to

govern the people

“with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the

other.”

English translation:
Cross in one hand, sword in the other.
Meaning:
“God helps those who help themselves.”
 Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• His first official act was to prohibit the

founding of school of arts and trades which was
being organized by the efforts and funds raised
by natives of standing in the community.

• Governor Izquierdo believed that the

establishment of the new school was merely a
pretext (hidden motive) for the organization of a
political club but made a public statement
accusing the Filipinos who had charge of the
movement
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• All of those who had offered their support to

ex-Governor La Torre were classed as personas
sospechosas (suspects), a term that has been used
in the Philippine Islands to designate any person
who refused to servilely obey the wishes and
whims of the authorities.
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• From time immemorial the workmen in the arsenal

at Cavite and in the barracks of the artillery
and engineer corps had been exempt from the
payment of tribute tax and from obligation to
work certain days each year on public
improvements.
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• General Izquierdo believed the time opportune for

abolishing these privileges and ordered that in
yhe future all such workmen affected and the men
employed in the arsenal at Cavite went on a
strike, but, yielding to pressure and threats
made by the authorities they subsequently return
to their labors.
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• The workmen in the Cavite arsenal were all

natives of that town and the neighboring town of
San Roque.
• On the night of January 30, 1872, there was an
uprising among the soldiers of San Felipe Fort,
in Cavite, and the commanding officer and other
Spanish officers in charge of the fort.
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

Governor and Captain-General

Rafael de Izquierdo
• a Spanish Military Officer,
Politician, and statesman.
• He served as Governor-General of
the Philippines from April 4, 1871 to
January 8, 1873.
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• Laborers or workers need to work for the

government forcefully (polo y servicio) and they
had small salary and half of it will go on the
tax and it is policy of Governor Izquierdo
replaced Governor General Carlos Maria de la
Torre some months before in 1871
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• Because of this harsh management of the governor,

the workers planned to have a mutiny in Cavite

• They also stated that Spanish Government in

Madrid was to blame for the propagation of
harmful doctrines to the Filipino people
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• The 200 mutineers were led by

Sgt. Fernando La Madrid and they
successfully conquered Fuerza
San Felipe
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• The Spanish Government in Manila sent a regiment

under Gen. Felipe Ginoves and the Mutiny was
unsuccessful and many mutineers including
Sgt. La Madrid were killed
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• After the Mutiny, Gen. Izquierdo used the mutiny

to falsely accuse Father Jose Burgos; Father
Jacinto Zamora; and Father Mariano Gomez were the
mastermind of mutiny
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

After the mentioned death of three priest there

were also other people who were sentenced to life
imprisonment on Marianas Islands:

• Antonio M. Regidor (councilman of Manila)

• Joaquin Pardo de Tavera (lawyer)
• P. Mendoza (curate of Santa Cruz)
• Gueverra (curate of Quiapo)
•
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• Father Mariano Sevilla

• Father Feliciano Gomez
• Father Ballesteros
• Father Jose Basa
• Atty. Carillo
• Atty. Basa
• Atty. Enriquez
• Atty. Crisanto Reyes
• Atty. Maximo Paterno
 Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• The true masterminds of Cavite Mutiny were the

three masons:

Maximo Inocencio Crisanto de los Reyes Enrique Paraiso

Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• The persecutions which began under Governor

Izquierdo were based on false assumptions that
the Filipino people were desirous of
independence, although this was an unfounded
accusation
Filipino Version of the CaviteMutiny of 1872
By: Dr. Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera

• Dr. T.H Pardo de Taverna denied that there were

any plot of overthrowing Spanish rule thus The
incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino
soldiers and laborers of the Cavite arsenal who
turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition
of their privileges.
 Official Report of
Governor Rafael Izquierdo on the
CaviteMutiny of 1872
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• JANUARY 23,1872
Governor General Rafael Izquierdo reported to the
Spanish Ministry of War, blaming the Cavite Mutiny
on the native clergy, some local residents,
intellectuals, and even El Eco Filipino.
Significantly, he calls the military mutiny an
“insurrection”, an “uprising”, and a “revolution”,
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

EL ECO FILIPINO
a Madrid-based reformist newspaper
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• Insurrection was motivated by the native clergy,

by the mestizos and native lawyers and by those
known as here as abogadillos. Some are residents
of Manila, others from Cavite and some from nearby
provinces. Abbreviation
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• The instigators, protested against the

injustice of the government in not paying the
provinces for their tobacco crop, and against the
usury that some officials practice in handling
documents that the finance department gives crop
owners who have to sell them at a loss.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• They encouraged the rebellion by protesting what

they called injustice of having obliged the
workers in the Cavite arsenal to pay tribute
starting January 1, 1872 and to render personal
service, from which they were formerly exempted.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• To seduce the native troops, they resorted to

superstitions with which the indios are so prone
to believe; persuading them that the Chief of
State (hari) would be an ecclesiastic and the rest
of the clergy who backed the uprising would
celebrate daily for its success.Thus the rebellion
could not fail because God is with them; and those
who would revolt they would kill immediately.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• To those who revolted they offer the wealth of

Spaniards and of the regular clergy, employment
and the ranks in the army; and to this effect they
said that fifteen native batallions would be
created, in which the soldiers who revolted would
have jobs as officers and chiefs. The lawyers and
abogadillos would direct the affairs of government
of the admistration and of justice.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• All the Spaniards, including the friars, would be

executed except for the women; and their
belongings confiscated.

• This uprising has roots, and with them were

affiliated to a great extent the regiments of
infantry and artillery, some ilustrados from
provinces.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• They planned to set fire to the district of Tondo.

Once the fire was set and while the authorities
were busy putting it out, the regiment pf the
artillery with the help of the part of the
infantry would seize Fort Santiago of this Capital
they would then fire cannons to inform the rebels
of Cavite of their success.

To start the revolution…..

CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• The rebels in Cavite counted on the artillery

detachments that occupied the fort and, on the
navy, helped 500 natives led by pardoned leader
Camerino. This person and his men, located at the
town of Bacoor and separated from the fort of San
Felipe by a small arm of the sea, would cross the
water and reach the fort
where they would find arms and ammunition.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• The rebels in Cavite counted on the artillery

detachments that occupied the fort and, on the
navy, helped 500 natives led by pardoned leader
Camerino. This person and his men, located at the
town of Bacoor and separated from the fort of San
Felipe by a small arm of the sea, would cross the
water and reach the fort
where they would find arms and ammunition.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• The rebels in Cavite made lanterns as signal but

the native civilians in Bacoor failed because of
the vigilance of the Spanish navy that had placed
there a gunboat and armed vessels.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• Loyalists that arrest the parish priest of Bacoor

found an abandoned vessel loaded with arms,
including carbines and revolvers.

• The uprising should have started in Manila at

midnight abetted by those in Cavite, but the
rebels of this city went ahead of time.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• The civil-military governor of the Cavite and the

commanders of Regiment 7 took very timely
precautions.

• August 1, 1871 – giving an account for Excellency

in Governor General Rafael Izquierdo's
confidential report No. 113 to Spanish Minister of
war has not yet replied.
CaviteMUTINY
0F 1872

• The junta or center received inspiration from

Madrid, where newspapers of advanced ideas
flourish to sustain them subscription are locally
solicited.

• Governor General Rafael Izquierdo gave no credit

to the anonymous letters that he received in order
not to gave alarms and instead continued a
vigilant watch wherever possible within the
limited means at his command.
RELEVANCE & CONTRIBUTION
of the EXECUTION OF
GomBurZa
GOMBURZA
• El Filibusterismo is the novel that
Jose Rizal created and dedicated to
the GOMBURZA priests.

• This execution lead the rise of the

book (El Filibusterismo) that will
open our minds and hearts that this
colonization will be at end.
GOMBURZA
• This event was tragic but served as
one of the moving forces that shaped
Filipino nationalism.

• It eads to the awakening of

nationalism and eventually to the
outbreak of Philippine Revolution of
1896.
GOMBURZA
• The Filipino clergy members actively
participated in the secularization
movement in order to allow Filipino
priests to take hold of the parishes
in the country making them prey to
the rage of the friars.
GOMBURZA
• Filipinos during the time were active
participants, and responded to what they
deemed as injustices and the execution of
GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the
Spanish government

• And for the action severed the ill-feelings

of the Filipinos and the event inspired
Filipino patriots to call for reforms and
eventually independence.
Thank You!
REFERENCES:
• Pugay, C.(2012): “The Two Faces of the 1872
Cavite Mutiny” National Historical Commission
of the Philippines.