Deck

Watchkeeping I
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Specification of minimum standard of competence for officers

in charge of a navigational watch on ships of 500 gross
tonnage or more
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Function 1:
Navigation at the Operational Level
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Competence:
Maintain a safe navigational watch
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Learning Outcome:

The cadets must be able to demonstrate knowledge of the

content, application and intent of the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as
amended.
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International Regulations for

Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 as
amended
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Table of Contents

History
Part A: General
Part B: Steering and Sailing Rules
Part C: Lights and Shapes
Part D: Sound and Light Signals
Part E: Exemptions
Annex IV: Distress Signals
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COLREG Throwback

For several hundred years, rules were in existence but with no statutory force.

18th Century - Regulations for Sailing Vessels.

1840 - Trinity House (London) drew up a set of rules (Steam vessels).

1846 - Enacted as an Act of Parliament.

1848 - Admiralty Regulations concerning navigation lights added to Steam Navigation Act
1846.
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COLREG Throwback
1858 - Colored side lights prescribed, Fog signals prescribed.

1863 - New set of regulations drawn up by British Board of Trade, in consultation with
French Government

1864 – 1863 Regulations adopted by over 30 maritime countries.

1889 - Maritime conference in Washington initiated by government of the United

States.
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COLREG - 1960 to 1972 Regulations

By 1965 it was felt necessary for a thorough revision to take account of
developments in navigation such as:

• the widespread acceptance and use of radar,

• the introduction of traffic separation, and
• the increase in size and speed of many ships.
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In October 1972, a conference was held which brought in substantial changes and a new
format to the Regulations.

• Convention on International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, as

amended.
• Adopted - 20 Oct 1972; Entered in force - 15 July 1977

• Replaces COLREGS 1960 which entered in force with the SOLAS Convention at that time.
• Amended in 1981, 1987, 1989, 1993, 2001, 2007

• Also known as 'Rules of the Road', often abbreviated to ROR.

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Structure of COLREG 72
There are 38 rules in 5 parts:
• Part A - General
• Part B - Steering and Sailing rules
• Part C - Lights and Shapes
• Part D - Sound and Light signals
• Part E – Exemptions
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Structure of COLREG 72
Four Annexes containing technical details:
Annex 1 - Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes
Annex 2 - Additional signals for FV fishing in close proximity
Annex 3 - Technical details of sound signaling appliances
Annex 4 - Distress Signals
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Part A- General

Rule 1 - Application
Rule 2 - Responsibility
Rule 3 - Definitions
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Rule 1 – Application
(a) These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas
and in all waters connected therewith navigable by
seagoing vessels.

Commentary:
Applicable to all vessels. Applicable upon the high seas and in
all navigable waters connected with.
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Rule 1 – Application
(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules
made by an appropriate authority for roadsteads, harbours, rivers, lakes, or
inland waterways connected with the high seas and navigable by seagoing
vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.

Commentary:
Local authorities can make local navigation rules. Should be similar to
these rules, to avoid confusion
e.g. Inland rules in United States of America
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Rule 1 – Application
(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any
special rule made by the government of any State with respect to
additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for
ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with
respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing
vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or
signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be
such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal
authorized elsewhere under these Rules.
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Commentary:
Special rule can be made by the government of any State for
specific lights or signal.

e.g. Vessels crossing the TSS and Precautionary areas in the

Singapore Strait are recommended to display the night signals
consisting of 3 all-round green lights in a vertical line.
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Rule 1 – Application
(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the
Organization for the purpose of these Rules.

Commentary:
Rules apply in adopted TSS which can be found in IMO Guide
to Ship Routeing.
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Rule 1 – Application
(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of any
special construction or purpose cannot comply with the provisions of any of these Rules
with respect to the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well
as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signaling appliances, such vessel shall
comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of
visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-
signaling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest
possible compliance with these Rules in respect of that vessel.
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Commentary:
Exceptions allowed based upon specific nature of work or
construction of particular vessel

e.g. Navigation lights on Aircraft Carriers and submarines.

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Rule 2 – Responsibility
(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the
owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences
of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the
neglect of any precaution which may be required by the
ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special
circumstances of the case.
Exonerate- release someone from (a duty or obligation)
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Rule 2 – Responsibility
(b) In construing and complying with these rules due regard
shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to
any special circumstances, including the limitations of the
vessels involved, which may make a departure from these
rules necessary to avoid immediate danger.

Construe- interpret (a word or action) in a particular way

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Commentary:
• Rule 2 is sometimes referred to as the "General Prudential"
rule.
• A Mariner has a two- fold duty:
1. To comply with rules, and
2. To prevent collision.
• It is paramount to avoid or minimise the damaging effects of a
collision, as opposed to blindly following the rules to the letter.
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Commentary:
• Overall intent to minimise actual collision taking place rather
than rule compliance.
• A departure is only permitted when there are special
circumstances and there is immediate danger.
• The departure must be of such a nature as to avoid the danger
which threatens.
• Duty to depart if necessary – not only justified but also expected
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Rule 3 – Definitions

(a) The word “vessel” includes every description

of water craft, including non-displacement craft,
wing-in-ground-effect (WIG) vehicle, and
seaplanes, used or capable of being used as a
means of transportation on water.
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Rule 3 – Definitions
The phrase "used or capable of being used as a means of
transportation" implies the practical transportation of people
or cargo. Inner tubes are not included, although sailboards
are.
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Vessel ??
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Rule 3 – Definitions
(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel
propelled by machinery.

(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail
provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being
used.
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Rule 3 – Definitions

(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel

fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus
which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel
fishing with trolling lines or other fishing apparatus which do
not restrict manoeuvrability.
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Pair Trawling
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Rule 3 – Definitions

(e) The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft

designed to manoeuvre on the water.
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Rule 3 – Definitions
(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel
which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to
manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore
unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
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Rule 3 – Definitions
Vessel not under command
Examples:
- Propulsion casualty
- Steering casualty
- Vessel with anchor down but not holding
- Vessel riding on anchor chains
- Sailing vessel becalmed
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Rule 3 – Definitions

(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre"

means a vessel which from the nature of her work is
restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these
Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of
another vessel.
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Rule 3 – Definitions
“Vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre” shall include but not be limited
to:
(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing or picking up a navigation mark, submarine
cable or pipeline;
(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo
while underway;
(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
(v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;
(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely the towing vessel and
her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
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Rule 3 – Definitions
Restricted in her ability to maneuver
Example
- Dredging/ Surveying
- Laying navigational aids
- Mine clearance operations
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Rule 3 – Definitions
(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a
power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in
relation to the available depth and width of navigable water,
is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the
course she is following.

Constrained- severely restrict the activity

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Rule 3 – Definitions
(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is
not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or
aground.
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Rule 3 – Definitions

A vessel is said to be underway if it meets the following criteria:

• It is not aground
• It is not at anchor
• It is not drifting
• It has not been made fast to a dock, the shore, or other
stationary object e.g. mooring buoys.
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Rule 3 – Definitions

If a vessel is adrift and not being propelled by any

instrument or device, it is said to be 
underway, not making way.
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Rule 3 – Definitions
If a vessel is adrift and not being propelled by any instrument
or device, it is said to be underway, not making way.

Vessels claiming not-under-command status are considered to be

underway. That is, they’re not considered to be at anchor, made
fast to the shore, or aground.
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Rule 3 – Definitions

(j) The words “length” and “breadth” of a vessel mean her

length overall and greatest breadth.
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Rule 3 – Definitions

(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only

when one can be observed visually from the other.
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Rule 3 – Definitions

(l) The term “restricted visibility” means any condition in

which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy
rainstorms, sandstorms or any other similar causes.
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Rule 3 – Definitions
(m) The term “Wing-in-Ground (WIG) craft” means a
multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in
close proximity to the surface by utilizing surface- effect
action.
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Part B- General
Section I (Conduct of vessel in any condition of visibility)

• Rule 4 – Application
• Rule 5 – Lookout
• Rule 6 – Safe Speed
• Rule 7 – Risk of Collision
• Rule 8 – Action to Avoid Collision
• Rule 9 – Narrow Channels
• Rule 10 – Traffic Separation Schemes
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Rule 4 – Application

Rules in this Section apply in any condition of visibility.

Rule 4 tells us that vessels operating under any and all conditions of visibility are
required to follow Rules 5 through 10. In other words, these Rules apply all of the
time.
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Rule 5- Lookout

Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by

sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate
in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a
full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
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Rule 5- Lookout
Commentary:
Who – every vessel
When – at all times
What – proper lookout
How – all available means.
New equipment ?
Intention –
1. for a proper appraisal of the situation, and
2. risk of collision
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Rule 5- Lookout

What do you mean by

Full Appraisal of the Situation and Risk of Collision?
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Rule 5- Lookout- Case Study

• Duty of lookout – Shakkeborg v Wimbledon – Report every material light (Bargrave Dean J, 191 1)
• Binoculars - Gorm-Santa Alicia (Hewson J, 1961)
• Faulty appreciation of VHF and absence of radar lookout - Bovenkerk-Antonio Carlos (Brandon J,
1973)
• Readily available radar, failure to use - Vechtstroom-Claughton (Hewson J, 1964)
• Radar not working - Pocahontas Steamship Company-Esso Amba (American Case, 1950)
• CA comment - Properly working radar, duty to use in RV (Judge Medina, 1959)
• Visual lookout necessary - Anneliese-Arietta (Kaminski LJ, 1970)
• Full appraisal of situation - Staffordshire-Dunera (Willmer J, 1948)
• Anchor watch - Gerda Toft-Elizabeth Mary (Willmer J, 1953)
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Rule 6- Safe Speed

Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that

she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and
be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing
circumstances and conditions.
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Rule 6- Safe Speed

In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those
taken into account:

(i) the state of visibility;

(ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any
other vessels;
(iii) the maneuverability of the vessel with special reference to stopping
distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
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Rule 6- Safe Speed

In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those
taken into account:

(iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights
or from back scatter of her own lights;
(v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational
hazards;
(vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
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Rule 6- Safe Speed

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar

equipment;
(ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
(iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and
other sources of interference;
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Rule 6- Safe Speed

(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:

(iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects
may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
(v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
(vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible
when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in
the vicinity.
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CASE STUDY
•Radar, continuous watch - Norefoss-Fina Canada (Hewson J, 1962)

•Radar, inferences - Niceto de Larrinaga-Sitala (Hewson J, 1963)

•Radar, range scale, LR scanning - Nassau-Brott (Hewson J, 1963)

•Radar, interference – 1979 collision in a squall between Atlantic Empress and

Aegean Captain – inquiry at Greece held both vessels responsible – no proper use
of radar and excessive speed
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Rule 7- Risk of Collision

(a) Every vessel shall use all available means appropriate

to the prevailing circumstances and conditions to determine if
risk of collision exists. If there is any doubt such risk shall be
deemed to exist.
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Rule 7- Risk of Collision

Many collisions continue to happen because vessel operators base their
actions on faulty assumptions.

As long as there is doubt, you must assume that risk of collision does
exist!
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Rule 7- Risk of Collision

(b) Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and
operational, including long-range scanning to obtain
early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or
equivalent systematic observation of detected objects.
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Rule 7- Risk of Collision

(c) Assumptions shall not be made on the basis of scanty

information, especially scanty radar information.

Scanty: small or insufficient in quantity or amount

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Rule 7- Risk of Collision

(d) In determining if risk of collision exists the following considerations

shall be among those taken into account:
(i) such risk shall be deemed to exist if the compass bearing of an
approaching vessel does not appreciably change;
(ii) such risk may sometimes exist even when an appreciable
bearing change is evident, particularly when approaching a very large
vessel or a tow or when approaching a vessel at close range.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(a) Any action taken to avoid collision shall be taken in accordance

with the Rules of this Part and shall, if the circumstances of
the case admit, be positive, made in ample time and with due
regard to the observance of good seamanship.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(b) Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if
the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be
readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by
radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed
should be avoided.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(c) If there is sufficient sea-room, alteration of course alone may
be the most effective action to avoid a close-quarters situation
provided that it is made in good time, is substantial and does not
result in another close-quarters situation.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(d) Action taken to avoid collision with another vessel shall be such
as to result in passing at a safe distance. The effectiveness of
the action shall be carefully checked until the other vessel is
finally past and clear.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(e) If necessary to avoid collision or allow more time to assess

the situation, a vessel shall slacken her speed or take
all way off by stopping or reversing her means of propulsion.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(f) (i) A vessel which, by any of these Rules, is required not to

impede the passage or safe passage of another vessel
shall, when required by the circumstances of the case, take
early action to allow sufficient sea-room for the safe
passage of the other vessel.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(ii) A vessel required not to impede the passage or safe

passage of another vessel is not relieved of this obligation
if approaching the other vessel so as to involve risk of
collision and shall, when taking action, have full regard to
the action which may be required by the Rules of this Part.
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Rule 8-Action to avoid collision

(iii) A vessel the passage of which is not to be impeded

remains fully obliged to comply with the Rules of this
Part when the two vessels are approaching one
another so as to involve risk of collision.
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(a) A vessel proceeding along the course of a narrow channel

or fairway shall keep as near to the outer limit of the
channel or fairway which lies on her starboard side as is safe
and practicable.
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(b) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel

shall not impede the passage of a vessel which can
safely navigate only within a narrow channel or fairway.
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(c) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of

any other vessel navigating within a narrow channel or
fairway.
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(d) A vessel shall not cross a narrow channel or fairway if such

crossing impedes the passage of a vessel which can
safely navigate only within such channel or fairway. The
latter vessel may use the sound signal prescribed in Rule
34(d) if in doubt as to the intention of the crossing vessel.
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(e) (i) In a narrow channel or fairway when overtaking can take place only if the
vessel to be overtaken has to take action to permit safe passing, the vessel
intending to overtake shall indicate her intention by sounding the appropriate
signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(i). The vessel to be overtaken shall, if in
agreement, sound the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(c)(ii) and take
steps to permit safe passing. If in doubt she may sound the signals prescribed
in Rule 34(d).
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(e) (ii) This Rule does not relieve the overtaking vessel of her
obligation under Rule 13.
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(f) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a narrow channel or fairway
where other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction
shall navigate with particular alertness and caution and shall sound
the appropriate signal prescribed in Rule 34(e).
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Rule 9-Narrow channels

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Rule 9-Narrow channels

(g) Any vessel shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid
anchoring in a narrow channel.
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(a) This Rule applies to traffic separation schemes adopted by the

Organization and does not relieve any vessel of her obligation
under any other Rule.
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(b) A vessel using a traffic separation scheme shall:

(i) proceed in the appropriate traffic lane in the general
direction of traffic flow for that lane;
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(ii) so far as practicable keep clear of a traffic separation line or

separation zone;

(iii) normally join or leave a traffic lane at the termination of the lane,
but when joining or leaving from either side shall do so at as small
an angle to the general direction of traffic flow as practicable
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(c) A vessel shall, so far as practicable, avoid crossing traffic lanes but if
obliged to do so shall cross on a heading as nearly as practicable
at right angles to the general direction of traffic flow.
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(d) (i) A vessel shall not use an inshore traffic zone when she can safely
use the appropriate traffic lane within the adjacent traffic separation
scheme. However, vessels of less than 20 metres in length, sailing
vessels and vessels engaged in fishing may use the inshore traffic
zone.
(ii) Notwithstanding sub-paragraph (d) (i), a vessel may use an
inshore traffic zone when en route to or from a port, offshore
installation or structure, pilot station or any other place situated
within the inshore traffic zone, or to avoid immediate danger.
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(e) A vessel other than a crossing vessel or a vessel joining or leaving a
lane shall not normally enter a separation zone or cross a
separation line except:
(i) in cases of emergency to avoid immediate danger;
(ii) to engage in fishing within a separation zone.
(f) A vessel navigating in areas near the terminations of traffic
separation schemes shall do so with particular caution.
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(g) A vessel shall so far as practicable avoid anchoring in a traffic
separation scheme or in areas near its terminations.
(h) A vessel not using a traffic separation scheme shall avoid it by as wide
a margin as is practicable.
(i) A vessel engaged in fishing shall not impede the passage of any
vessel following a traffic lane.
(j) A vessel of less than 20 metres in length or a sailing vessel shall not
impede the safe passage of a power-driven vessel following a traffic lane.
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Rule 10-Traffic separation schemes

(k) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an
operation for the maintenance of safety of navigation in a traffic
separation scheme is exempted from complying with this Rule to the
extent necessary to carry out the operation.
(l) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre when engaged in an
operation for the laying, servicing or picking up of a submarine cable,
within a traffic separation scheme, is exempted from complying with
this Rule to the extent necessary to carry out the operation.
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Section II - Conduct of vessels in

sight of one another
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Rule 11-Application

Rules in this Section apply to vessels in sight of one another.

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Rule 12-Sailing Vessels

(a) When two sailing vessels are approaching one another, so as to
involve risk of collision, one of them shall keep out of the way of the
other as follows:
(i) when each has the wind on a different side, the vessel
which has the wind on the port side shall keep out of the way
of the other;
(ii) when both have the wind on the same side, the vessel
which is to windward shall keep out of the way of the vessel which
is to leeward;
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Rule 12-Sailing Vessels

Wind
A keeps clear of B

A B
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Rule 12-Sailing Vessels

When both sailing vessels have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is the
closest to the wind (windward) shall keep out of the way of the vessel which is to
leeward. Wind

B keeps clear of A.

A
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Rule 12-Sailing Vessels

(iii) If a vessel with the wind on the port side sees a vessel to windward
and cannot determine with certainty whether the other vessel has
the wind on the port side or on the starboard side, she shall shall keep
out of the way of the other.
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Rule 12-Sailing Vessels

If a sailing vessel with the wind on the port side sees a sailing vessel to windward
and cannot determine with certainty whether the other sailing vessel has the wind on
the port or starboard side, it shall keep out of the way.
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Rule 12-Sailing Vessels

(b) For the purposes of this Rule the windward side shall be deemed to
be the side opposite to that on which the mainsail is carried or, in
the case of a square-rigged vessel, the side opposite to that on which
the largest fore-and-aft sail is carried.
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Rule 13-Overtaking
(a) Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules of Part B, Sections
I and II, any vessel overtaking any other shall keep out of the way
of the vessel being overtaken.
(b) A vessel shall be deemed to be overtaking when coming up with
another vessel from a direction more than 22.5 degrees abaft her
beam, that is, in such a position with reference to the vessel she is
overtaking, that at night she would be able to see only the stern light
of that vessel but neither of her sidelights.
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Rule 13-Overtaking
This rule overrides all the other give-way rules:
• The overtaking vessel (even if sailing) must keep out of the
way of the vessel being overtaken.
• You can pass on either side of the vessel, but keep well clear
– the other vessel may not have seen you.
• If you are being overtaken, hold your course and speed until
the other vessel is past and well clear.
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Rule 13 Overtaking
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether she is overtaking
another, she shall assume that this is the case and act accordingly.
(d) Any subsequent alteration of the bearing between the two vessels
shall not make the overtaking vessel a crossing vessel within the
meaning of these Rules or relieve her of the duty of keeping
clear of the overtaken vessel until she is finally past and clear.
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Rule 14-Head-on situation

(a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting on reciprocal or nearly
reciprocal courses so as to involve risk of collision each shall alter
her course to starboard so that each shall pass on the portside of
the other.
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Rule 14-Head-on situation

(b) Such a situation shall be deemed to exist when a vessel sees the
other ahead or nearly ahead and by night she would see the mast
head lights of the other in a line or nearly in a line and or both
sidelights and by day she observes the corresponding aspect of the
other vessel.
(c) When a vessel is in any doubt as to whether such a situation exists
she shall assume that it does exist and act accordingly.
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Rule 15-Crossing situation

When two power-driven vessels are crossing so as to involve risk of
collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side
shall keep out of the way and shall, if the circumstances of the case
admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other vessel.

A
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Rule 16 -Action by give-way vessel

Every vessel which is directed to keep out of the way of

another vessel shall, so far as possible, take early and
substantial action to keep well clear.
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Rule 17-Action by stand-on vessel

(a) (i) Where one of two vessels is to keep out of the way the other
shall keep her course and speed.

(ii) The latter vessel may however take action to avoid collision
by her manoeuvre alone, as soon as it becomes apparent to her
that the vessel required to keep out of the way is not taking
appropriate action in compliance with these Rules.
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Rule 17-Action by stand-on vessel

(b) When, from any cause, the vessel required to keep her course and
speed finds herself so close that collision cannot be avoided by
the action of the give-way vessel alone, she shall take such action as
will best aid to avoid collision.
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Rule 17-Action by stand-on vessel

(c) A power-driven vessel which takes action in a crossing situation in
accordance with sub-paragraph (a)(ii) of this Rule to avoid collision
with another power-driven vessel shall, if the circumstances of the
case admit, not alter course to port for a vessel on her own port side.

(d) This Rule does not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligation to
keep out of the way.
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Rule 18-Responsibilities between vessels

Except where Rules 9,10 and 13 otherwise require:
(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(i) a vessel not under command;
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing;
(iv) a sailing vessel.
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Rule 18-Responsibilities between vessels

(b) A sailing vessel underway shall keep out of the way of:
(i) a vessel not under command;
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
(iii) a vessel engaged in fishing.
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Rule 18-Responsibilities between vessels

(c) A vessel engaged in fishing when underway shall, so far as
possible, keep out of the way of:
(i) a vessel not under command;
(ii) a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre
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Rule 18 Responsibilities between vessels

(d) (i) Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel
restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if the circumstances of
the case admit, avoid impeding the safe passage of a vessel
constrained by her draught, exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.

(ii) A vessel constrained by her draught shall navigate with particular

caution having full regard to her special condition.
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Rule 18 Responsibilities between vessels

(e) A seaplane on the water shall, in general, keep well clear of all vessels
and avoid impeding their navigation. In circumstances, however, where
risk of collision exists, she shall comply with the Rules of this Part.
(f) (i) AWIG craft shall, when taking off, landing and in flight near the
surface, keep well clear of all other vessels and avoid impeding their
navigation;
(ii) AWIG craft operating on the water surface shall comply with
the Rules of this Part as a power-driven vessel.
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Summary
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Summary
STCW Code Table A- II/ 1

Section III
Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility
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Rule 19-Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility

(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when
navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility.

(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing
circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-
driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre.
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Rule 19-Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility

(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and
conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of Section I of
this Part.

(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel shall
determine if a close quarter situation is developing and/or risk of collision
exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time, provided that when
such action consists of an alteration of course, so far as possible the
following shall be avoided:
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Rule 19-Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility

(i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the

beam, other than for a vessel being overtaken;

(ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the

beam.
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Rule 19-Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility

(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does
not exist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam
the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-quarters
situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall reduce her
speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on her course. She
shall if necessary take all her way off and in any event navigate with
extreme caution until danger of collision is over.
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PART C - LIGHTS AND

SHAPES
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Rule 20-Application

(a) Rules in this Part shall be complied with in all weathers.

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Rule 20-Application

(b) The Rules concerning lights shall be complied with from

sunset to sunrise and during such times no other lights
shall be exhibited, except such lights as cannot be mistaken
for the lights specified in these Rules or do not impair
their visibility or distinctive character, or interfere with the
keeping of a proper look-out.
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Rule 20-Application
(c) The lights prescribed by these Rules shall, if carried, also be
exhibited from sunrise to sunset in restricted visibility and may be
exhibited in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary.
(d) The Rules concerning shapes shall be complied with by day.

(e) The lights and shapes specified in these Rules shall comply with the
provisions of Annex I to these Regulations.
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Rule 21-Definitions

(a) “Masthead light” means a white light placed over the fore and aft
centre line of the vessel showing an unbroken light over an arc of the
horizon of 225 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from right
ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
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Rule 21-Definitions
(b) “Sidelights” means a green light on the starboard side and a red
light on the port side each showing an unbroken light over an arc of
the horizon of 112.5 degrees and so fixed as to show the light from
the right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side.
In a vessel of less than 20 metres in length the sidelights may be
combined in one lantern carried on the fore and aft centreline of the
vessel
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Rule 21-Definitions
(c) “Sternlight” means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern
showing an unbroken light over an arc of the horizon of 135 degrees and so
fixed as to show the light 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
(d) “Towing light” means a yellow light having the same characteristics as the
“sternlight” defined in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) “All-round light” means a light showing an unbroken light over an arc of
the horizon of 360 degrees.
(f) “Flashing light” means a light flashing at regular intervals at a frequency of
120 flashes or more per minute
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Rule 22-Visibility of lights

The lights prescribed in these Rules shall have an intensity as specified in Section
8 of Annex I to these Regulations so as to be visible at the following minimum
ranges:
(a) In vessels of 50 metres or more in length:
- a masthead light, 6 miles;
- a sidelight, 3 miles;
- a stern light, 3 miles;
- a towing light, 3 miles;
- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 3 miles.
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Rule 22-Visibility of lights

(b) In vessels of 12 metres or more in length but less than 50 metres in
length:
- a masthead light, 5 miles; except that where the length of the vessel is
less than 20 metres, 3 miles;
- a sidelight, 2 miles; 15
- a sternlight, 2 miles;
- a towing light, 2 miles;
- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.
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Rule 22-Visibility of lights

(c) In vessels of less than 12 metres in length:
- a masthead light, 2 miles;
- a sidelight, 1 mile;
- a sternlight, 2 miles;
- a towing light, 2 miles
- a white, red, green or yellow all-round light, 2 miles.
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Rule 22-Visibility of lights

(d) In inconspicuous, partly submerged vessels or objects being towed:

- a white all-round light, 3 miles
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Rule 23-Power-driven vessels underway

(a) A power-driven vessel underway shall exhibit:
(i) a masthead light forward;
(ii) a second masthead light abaft of and higher than the forward
one; except that a vessel of less than 50 metres in length shall
not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so;
(iii) sidelights;
(iv) a sternlight.
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Rule 23-Power-driven vessels underway

(b) An air-cushion vessel when operating in the non-displacement
mode shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this
Rule, exhibit an all-round flashing yellow light.
(c) A WIG craft only when taking off, landing and in flight near the
surface shall, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of
this Rule, exhibit a high intensity all-round flashing red light.
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Rule 23-Power-driven vessels underway

(d) (i) A power-driven vessel of less than 12 metres in length may in lieu
of the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an
all-round white light and sidelights;
(ii) a power-driven vessel of less than 7 metres in length whose
maximum speed does not exceed 7 knots may in lieu of the
Lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule exhibit an all-
round white light and shall, if practicable, also exhibit
sidelights;
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Rule 23-Power-driven vessels underway

(iii) the masthead light or all-round white light on a power-driven vessel

of less than 12 metres in length may be displaced from the fore
and aft centre line of the vessel if centreline fitting is not practicable,
provided that the sidelights are combined in one lantern which shall
be carried on the fore and aft centre line of the vessel or located as
nearly as practicable in the same fore and aft line as the masthead light
or the all-round white light.
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(a) A power-driven vessel when towing shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two masthead
lights in a vertical line. When the length of the tow, measuring from the
stern of the towing vessel to the afterend of the tow exceeds 200 metres,
three such lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight;
(iv) a towing light in a vertical line above the sternlight;
(v) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond shape
where it can best be seen.
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(b) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly
connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power- driven
vessel and exhibit the lights prescribed in Rule 23.
(c) A power-driven vessel when pushing ahead or towing alongside, except
in the case of a composite unit, shall exhibit:
(i) instead of the light prescribed in Rule 23(a)(i) or (a)(ii), two
masthead lights in a vertical line;
(ii) sidelights;
(iii) a sternlight.
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(d) A power-driven vessel to which paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule
applies shall also comply with Rule 23(a) (ii).
(e) A vessel or object being towed, other than those mentioned in
paragraph (g) of this Rule, shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight;
(iii) when the length of the tow exceeds 200 metres, a diamond
shape where it can best be seen.
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(f) Provided that any number of vessels being towed alongside or
pushed in a group shall be lighted as one vessel,
(i) a vessel being pushed ahead, not being part of a composite
unit, shall exhibit at the forward end sidelights;
(ii) a vessel being towed alongside shall exhibit a sternlight
and at the forward end, sidelights.
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(g) An inconspicuous, partly submerged vessel or object, or
combination of such vessels or objects being towed, shall exhibit:
(i) if it is less than 25 metres in breadth, one all-round white
light at or near the forward end and one at or near the after
end except that dracones need not exhibit a light at or near the
forward end;
(ii) if it is 25 metres or more in breadth, two additional all-
round white lights at or near the extremities of its breadth;
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(iii) if it exceeds 100 metres in length, additional all-round white lights
between the lights prescribed in sub-paragraphs (i) and (ii) so that
the distance between the lights shall not exceed 100 metres;
(iv) a diamond shape at or near the aftermost extremity of the last
vessel or object being towed and if the length of the tow exceeds 200
metres an additional diamond shape where it can best be seen and
located as far forward as is practicable.
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(h) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel or
object being towed to exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in
paragraph (e) or (g) of this Rule, all possible measures shall be taken to
light the vessel or object towed or at least to indicate the presence of
such vessel or object.
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Rule 24-Towing and pushing

(i) Where from any sufficient cause it is impracticable for a vessel not
normally engaged in towing operations to display the lights prescribed
in paragraph (a) or (c) of this Rule, such vessel shall not be required
to exhibit those lights when engaged in towing another vessel in
distress or otherwise in need of assistance. All possible measures shall
be taken to indicate the nature of the relationship between the towing
vessel and the vessel being towed as authorized by Rule 36, in
particular by illuminating the towline.
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Rule 25-Sailing vessels underway and vessels

under oars
(a) A sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:
(i) sidelights;
(ii) a sternlight.
(b) In a sailing vessel of less than 20 metres in length the lights
prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule may be combined in one
lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.
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Rule 25-Sailing vessels underway and vessels

under oars
(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast,
where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical
line, the upper being red and the lower green, but these lights shall
not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern
permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule.
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Rule 25-Sailing vessels underway and vessels under

oars
(d) (i) A sailing vessel of less than 7 metres in length shall, ifpracticable, exhibit
the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she
shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light
which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.

(ii) A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailing
vessels, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted
lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent
collision.
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Rule 25-Sailing vessels underway and vessels

under oars
(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by
machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best be seen a conical
shape, apex downwards.
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Rule 26-Fishing Vessels

(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall

exhibit only the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.
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Rule 26-Fishing Vessels

Fishing and Trawling Vessels
A fishing vessel is a vessel A trawling vessel drags a
engaged in fishing but not large dredge net or other
trawling. This usually means fish gathering apparatus
the pulling of fishing lines, through the water to catch
hooks or an assortment of fish.
both.
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Rule 26-Fishing Vessels

Fishing and Trawling Vessels
A fishing vessel is a vessel A trawling vessel drags a
engaged in fishing but not large dredge net or other
trawling. This usually means fish gathering apparatus
the pulling of fishing lines, through the water to catch
hooks or an assortment of fish.
both.
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Rule 26-Fishing Vessels

(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the
lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with their apexes
together in a vertical
(b) A vessel line one above
when engaged the other;
in trawling, by which is meant the
(ii) adragging through
masthead light the
abaft of water
and higherofthan
a dredge net orgreen
the all-round otherlight;
a apparatus
vessel of lessused
thanas50ametres in length
fishing shall notshall
appliance, be obliged to
exhibit:
exhibit such a light but may do so;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights
prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a stern light.
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Rule 26-Fishing Vessels

(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the
lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with apexes together
in a vertical line one above the other;
(ii) when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres
horizontally from the vessel, an all- round white light or a cone apex
upwards in the direction of the gear;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the lights
prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
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Rule 26-Fishing Vessels

(d) The additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations
apply to a vessel engaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels
engaged in fishing.
(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or
shapes prescribed in this Rule, but only those prescribed for a vessel
of her length.
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or restricted

In their ability to manoeuvre
(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can
best be seen;
(ii) two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they
can best be seen;
(iii) when making way through the water, in addition to the
lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a stern light.
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or restricted In

their ability to manoeuvre
(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged
in mine-clearance operations, shall exhibit:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be
seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle
light shall be white;
(ii) three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The
highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a
diamond;
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or

restricted In their ability to manoeuvre
(iii) when making way through the water, a masthead light or
lights, sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights
prescribed in sub-paragraph (i);
(iv) when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed
in sub-paragraphs (i) and
(ii), the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or

restricted In their ability to manoeuvre
(c) A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such
as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in
their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition
to the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 24(a), exhibit the
lights or shapes prescribed in sub- paragraphs (b)(i) and (ii)
of this Rule.
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or restricted In their

ability to manoeuvre
(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in
her ability to manoeuvre, shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-
paragraphs (b) (i), (ii) and (iii) of this Rule and shall in addition, when an
obstruction exists, exhibit:
(i) two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side
on which the obstruction exists;
(ii) two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to
indicate the side on which ,another vessel may pass;
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or restricted In

their ability to manoeuvre
(iii) when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph
instead of the lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it
impracticable to exhibit all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (d)
of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
(i) three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The
highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be
white;
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or

restricted In their ability to manoeuvre
(ii) a rigid replica of the International Code flag “A” not less
than 1 metre in height. Measures shall be taken to ensure its
all-round visibility.
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or restricted

In their ability to manoeuvre
(f) A vessel engaged in mine-clearance operations shall in addition to
the lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel in Rule 23 or to the
lights or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as
appropriate, exhibit three all-round green lights or three balls. One of
these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast head and
one at each end of the fore yard. These lights or shapes indicate that it
is dangerous for another vessel to approach within 1000 metres of
the mine clearance vessel.
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Rule 27-Vessels not under command or

restricted In their ability to manoeuvre
(g) Vessels of less than 12 metres in length, except those engaged in
diving operations, shall not be required to exhibit the lights and
shapes prescribed in this Rule.
(h) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in
distress and requiring assistance. Such signals are contained in Annex
IV to these Regulations.
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Rule 28-Vessels constrained by their draught

A vessel constrained by her draught may, in addition to the lights

prescribed for power-driven vessels in Rule 23, exhibit where they
can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a
cylinder.
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Rule 29-Pilot vessels

(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:
(i) at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line,
the upper being white and the lower red;
(ii) when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight;
(iii) when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in sub-
paragraph (i), the light, lights or shape prescribed in
Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.
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Rule 29-Pilot vessels

(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall

exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel of
her length.
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Rule 29-Pilot vessels

“WHITE over RED, Pilot ahead”

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Rule 30-Anchored vessels and vessels aground

(a) A vessel at anchor shall exhibit where it can best be seen:

(i) in the fore part, an all-round white light or one ball;
(ii) at or near the stern and at a lower level than the light
prescribed in sub-paragraph (i), an all-round white light.
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Rule 30-Anchored vessels and vessels aground

(b) A vessel of less than 50 metres in length may exhibit an all-round
white light where it can best be seen instead of the lights prescribed
in paragraph (a) of this Rule.
(c) A vessel at anchor may, and a vessel of 100 metres and more in
length shall, also use the available working or equivalent lights to
illuminate her decks.
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Rule 30-Anchored vessels and vessels aground

(d) A vessel aground shall exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a)
or (b) of this Rule and in addition, where they can best be seen:
(i) two all-round red lights in a vertical line;
(ii) three balls in a vertical line.
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Rule 30-Anchored vessels and vessels aground

You are not considered to be "aground" for purposes of the navigation
rules if you have intentionally moved your vessel against the bottom or
bank of a river or other body of water to hold your position. If you have
to keep your engines engaged to maintain your position, or if you are
free to move away from your holding position at any time, then you are
not considered to be "aground." You would be underway but not
making way through the water
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Rule 30-Anchored vessels and vessels aground

(e) A vessel of less than 7 metres in length, when at anchor, not in or
near a narrow channel, fairway or anchorage, or where other vessels
normally navigate, shall not be required to exhibit the lights or shape
prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Rule.
(f) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length, when aground, shall not be
required to exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs
(d) (i) and (ii) of this Rule.
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Rule 31-Seaplanes

Where it is impracticable for a seaplane or a WIG craft to exhibit lights

and shapes of the characteristics or in the positions prescribed in
the Rules of this Part she shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely
similar in characteristics and position as is possible.
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PART D - SOUND AND LIGHT SIGNALS

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Rule 32-Definitions
(a) The word “whistle” means any sound signalling appliance capable of
producing the prescribed blasts and which complies with the
specifications in Annex III to these Regulations.
(b) The term “short blast” means a blast of about one second’s
duration.
(c) The term “prolonged blast” means a blast of from four to six
seconds’ duration.
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Rule 32-Definitions
-Sound signals for International Rules are signals of action

-Signals are sounded upon rudder order

-Exchanged by a power-driven vessel and another vessel

-Exchanged if vessels are “in sight” and maneuvering is required

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Rule 33-Equipment for sound signals

(a) A vessel of 12 metres or more in length shall be provided with a
whistle, a vessel of 20 metres or more in length shall be provided with a
bell in addition to a whistle, and a vessel of 100 metres or more in length
shall, in addition, be provided with a gong, the tone and sound of which
cannot be confused with that of the bell. The whistle, bell and gong shall
comply with the specifications in Annex III to these Regulations. The bell
or gong or both may be replaced by other equipment having the same
respective sound characteristics, provided that manual sounding of the
prescribed signals shall always be possible.
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Rule 33-Equipment for sound signals

• Short Blast- about one second duration

• Prolonged Blast - 4-6 second duration

• Vessels < 100m in length: whistle and bell

• Vessels >= 100m in length: whistle, bell, and gong
• Vessels < 12m in length: some type of sound signaling device
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Rule 33-Equipment for sound signals

(b) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to

carry the sound signaling appliances prescribed in paragraph (a) of
this Rule but if she does not, she shall be provided with some other
means of making an efficient sound signal.
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

(a) When vessels are in sight of one another, a power-driven vessel
underway, when manoeuvring as authorized or required by these Rules,
shall indicate that manoeuvre by the following signals on her whistle:
- one short blast to mean “I am altering my course to
starboard”;
- two short blasts to mean “I am altering my course to port”;
-three short blasts to mean “I am operating astern propulsion”.
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

“Operating astern propulsion" is not the same as "proceeding

astern." You may of course be moving forward or astern or
stopped when your astern propulsion is engaged. The state of
the machinery, not motion through the water, constitutes the
distinction here.
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

(b) Any vessel may supplement the whistle signals prescribed in
paragraph (a) of this Rule by light signals, repeated as appropriate,
whilst the manoeuvre is being carried out:
(i) these light signals shall have the following significance
- one flash to mean “I am altering my course to starboard”;
- two flashes to mean “I am altering my course to port”;
- three flashes to mean “I am operating astern
propulsion”;
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

(ii) the duration of each flash shall be about one second, the interval
between flashes shall be about one second, and the interval
between successive signals shall be not less than ten seconds;
(iii) the light used for this signal shall, if fitted, be an all-round white
light, visible at a minimum range of 5 miles, and shall comply with
the provisions of Annex I to these Regulations
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

(c) When in sight of one another in a narrow channel or fairway:
(i) a vessel intending to overtake another shall in compliance with Rule
9(e)(i) indicate her intention by the following signals on her whistle:
- two prolonged blasts followed by one short blast to mean “I intend to
overtake you on your starboard side”;
- two prolonged blasts followed by two short blasts to mean “I intend
to overtake you on your port side”.
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

(ii) the vessel about to be overtaken when acting in accordance with
Rule 9(e)(i) shall indicate her agreement by the following signal on
her whistle:

- one prolonged, one short, one prolonged and one short blast,
in that order.
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

(d) When vessels in sight of one another are approaching each other
and from any cause either vessel fails to understand the intentions or
actions of the other, or is in doubt whether sufficient action is being
taken by the other to avoid collision, the vessel in doubt shall
immediately indicate such doubt by giving at least five short and
rapid blasts on the whistle. Such signal may be supplemented by a light
signal of at least five short and rapid flashes.
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Rule 34-Manoeuvring and warning signals

(e) A vessel nearing a bend or an area of a channel or fairway where
other vessels may be obscured by an intervening obstruction shall
sound one prolonged blast. Such signal shall be answered with a
prolonged blast by any approaching vessel that may be within hearing
around the bend or behind the intervening obstruction.
(f) If whistles are fitted on a vessel at a distance apart of more than
100 metres, one whistle only shall be used for giving manoeuvring and
warning signals.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

In or near an area of restricted visibility, whether by day or night, the
signals prescribed in this Rule shall be used as follows:
(a) A power-driven vessel making way through the water shall sound at
intervals of not more than 2 minutes one prolonged blast.
(b) A power-driven vessel underway but stopped and making no way
through the water shall sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes
two prolonged blasts in succession with an interval of about 2 seconds
between them.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

(c) A vessel not under command, a vessel restricted in her ability to
manoeuvre, a vessel constrained by her draught, a sailing vessel, a
vessel engaged in fishing and a vessel engaged in towing or pushing
another vessel shall, instead of the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a)
or (b) of this Rule, sound at intervals of not more than 2 minutes
three blasts in succession, namely one prolonged followed by two
short blasts.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

(d) A vessel engaged in fishing, when at anchor, and a vessel restricted
in her ability to manoeuvre when carrying out her work at anchor,
shall instead of the signals prescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule
sound the signal prescribed in paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(e) A vessel towed or if more than one vessel is towed the last vessel of
the tow, if manned, shall at intervals of not more than 2 minutes
sound four blasts in succession, namely one prolonged followed by
three short blasts. When practicable, this signal shall be made
immediately after the signal made by the towing vessel.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

(f) When a pushing vessel and a vessel being pushed ahead are rigidly
connected in a composite unit they shall be regarded as a power-
driven vessel and shall give the signals prescribed in paragraphs (a)
or (b) of this Rule.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

(g) A vessel at anchor shall at intervals of not more than one minute ring the
bell rapidly for about 5 seconds.

In a vessel of 100 metres or more in length the bell shall be

sounded in the forepart of the vessel and immediately after the
ringing of the bell the gong shall be sounded rapidly for about 5
seconds in the after part of the vessel.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

A vessel at anchor may in addition sound three blasts in succession,
namely one short, one prolonged and one short blast, to give
warning of her position and of the possibility of collision to an
approaching vessel.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

(h) A vessel aground shall give the bell signal and if required the gong
signal prescribed in paragraph (g) of this Rule and shall, in addition,
give three separate and distinct strokes on the bell immediately
before and after the rapid ringing of the bell. A vessel aground may
in addition sound an appropriate whistle signal.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

(i) A vessel of 12 metres or more but less than 20 metres in length shall
not be obliged to give the bell signals prescribed in paragraphs (g) and
(h) of this Rule. However, if she does not, she shall make some other
efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.

(j) A vessel of less than 12 metres in length shall not be obliged to give
the above-mentioned signals but, if she does not, shall make some other
efficient sound signal at intervals of not more than 2 minutes.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

(k) A pilot vessel when engaged on pilotage duty may in addition to the
signals prescribed in paragraphs (a),(b) or (g) of this Rule sound
an identity signal consisting of four short blasts.
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Rule 35-Sound signals in restricted visibility

Pilot vessel on duty (H)

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Rule 36-Signals to attract attention

If necessary to attract the attention of another vessel any vessel may
make light or sound signals that cannot be mistaken for any signal
authorized elsewhere in these Rules, or may direct the beam of her
searchlight in the direction of the danger, in such a way as not to
embarrass any vessel. Any light to attract the attention of another
vessel shall be such that it cannot be mistaken for any aid to
navigation. For the purpose of this Rule the use of high intensity
intermittent or revolving lights, such as strobe lights, shall be avoided.
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Rule 37-Distress signals

When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or

exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Regulations.
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PART E - EXEMPTIONS
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Rule 38-Exemptions
Any vessel (or class of vessels) provided that she complies with the
requirements of the International Regulations for Preventing
Collisions at Sea, 1960 (a), the keel of which is laid or which is at a
corresponding stage of construction before the entry into force of
these Regulations may be exempted from compliance therewith as
follows:
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Rule 38-Exemptions
(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until 4
years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(b) The installation of lights with colour specifications as prescribed in
Section 7 of Annex I to these Regulations, until 4 years after the
date of entry into force of these Regulations.
(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to
metric units and rounding off measurement figures, permanent
exemption.
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Rule 38-Exemptions
(d) (i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150
metres in length, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3(a)
of Annex I to these Regulations, permanent exemption.
(ii) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 metres or
more in length, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3(a) of
Annex I to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into
force of these Regulations
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Annex IV
Distress Signals
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Annex IV: Distress Signals

The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distress
and need of assistance:

(a) a gun or other explosive signal fired at intervals of about a minute;

(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;
(c) rockets or shells, throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals;
(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of
the group (SOS) in the Morse Code;
(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word “Mayday”;
(f) the International Code Signal of distress indicated by N.C.;
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Annex IV: Distress Signals

The following signals, used or exhibited either together or

separately, indicate distress and need of assistance:

(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a

ball anything resembling a ball;
(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel,
etc.);
(i) a rocket parachute flare or a hand flare showing a red light;
(j) a smoke signal giving off orange- coloured smoke;
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Annex IV: Distress Signals

(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to
each side;
(l) the radiotelegraph alarm signal;
(m) the radiotelephone alarm signal;
(n) signals transmitted by emergency position-indicating radio
beacons;
(o) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems,
including survival craft radar transponders.
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Annex IV: Distress Signals

The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the
purpose of indicating distress and need of assistance and the use of
other signals which may be confused with any of the above signals is
prohibited
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Annex IV: Distress Signals

Attention is drawn to the relevant sections of the International Code of
Signals, the Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual and the
following signals:

(a) a piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and

circle or other appropriate symbol (for identification from the air);
(b) a dye marker.
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Keep a Safe Watch!!

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Bibliography:

Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions (Regulations) 1996

Marine Accident Investigation Branch
IMO
SOLAS
www.otenmaritime.com/international-collision-regulations
navruleshandbook.com