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3 March

This document discusses the ground-reflected wave model for wireless signal propagation. It contains the following key points: 1. In typical terrestrial wireless paths, signals are partially blocked and attenuated by obstacles like buildings, trees, and are also subject to multipath propagation through reflection from the ground. 2. For many wireless applications in the 50MHz to 2GHz range, the two most important components are the direct wave traveling from transmitter to receiver, and the ground-reflected wave which arrives after reflecting off the earth's surface. 3. Under the two-ray propagation model, the received power is a function of the transmitter and receiver heights and their separation distance, as well as transmission losses.

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188 views35 pages

3 March

This document discusses the ground-reflected wave model for wireless signal propagation. It contains the following key points: 1. In typical terrestrial wireless paths, signals are partially blocked and attenuated by obstacles like buildings, trees, and are also subject to multipath propagation through reflection from the ground. 2. For many wireless applications in the 50MHz to 2GHz range, the two most important components are the direct wave traveling from transmitter to receiver, and the ground-reflected wave which arrives after reflecting off the earth's surface. 3. Under the two-ray propagation model, the received power is a function of the transmitter and receiver heights and their separation distance, as well as transmission losses.

Uploaded by

Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ground-reflected wave model

• Free-space propagation is encountered only in rare cases such as


satellite-to-satellite paths.
• In typical terrestrial paths, the signal is partially blocked and
attenuated due to urban clutter, trees, and other obstacles. Multipath
propagation also occurs due to reflection from the ground.
• Signals reflected from the ground are fundamentally no different than
any other reflected signal.
Ground-reflected wave model
• For many wireless applications in the 50 to 2000 MHz range, two
components of the space wave are of primary concern
1. Energy received by means of the direct wave, which travels a direct
path from the transmitter to the receiver.
2. Ground-reflected wave, which arrives at the receiver after being
reflected from the surface of the earth. This is commonly referred to
as the two-ray model.
• We assume that the base station and mobile station antenna heights, hb
and hm, are much smaller compared to their separation, d, and the
reflecting earth surface is flat.
• The received power at the antenna located at a distance, d, from the
transmitter, including other losses, L0.

where
Noise power spectral density (noise power contained in a 1-Hz bandwidth) is
N0 = kT

where k is Boltzmann’s constant, k =1.38·10−23 J/K, T=Temp of Mobile


antenna (Kelvin)
Thermal noise: The power spectral density of thermal noise depends on the
environmental temperature Te that the antenna “sees.”
Te= (Nf-1)T
Q. What is dBm? & prove that 1mW = 0dBm=-30dB
Hint: 1 mW is equal to 10e-3 watt.
P|dB = 10 log (1mW) = 10 log (10e-3 W) = - 30dB
P(dBm) = 10 ⋅ log10( P(mW) / 1mW)
P|dBm = 10 log (1 mW/1mW) = 10 log(1) = 0dBm
Q. prove that 1 watt is equal to 30dBm
1W = 1000mW = 30dBm
Q. Prove that 1dBm+1dB=2dBm
Q. Prove that 2dBm - 1dBm =1dB
Q. What is Noise power spectral density
Hint: noise power contained in a 1-Hz bandwidth is N 0 = kT
Q. Given that the SNR of wireless communications systems is 18dB,bandwith is 25kHz.
Calculate the signal power of the system.
It is common to write logarithmic units (power P expressed in units of dBm is 10 log 10 (P/1mW)) :
N0 =−174dBm/Hz
This means that the noise power contained in a 1-Hz bandwidth is −174dBm.

The noise power contained in bandwidth B :


Pn = N0B

B is also called RX bandwidth (in units of Hz).


The noise power contained in bandwidth B is
−174+ 10log10(B)dBm
signal power PS:
PS =SNRmin +Pn
Link Budget
A link budget is the clearest and most intuitive way of computing the
required TX power. It tabulates all equations that connect the TX power
to the received SNR.
It has to be noted that the link budget gives only an approximation
(often a worst case estimate) for the total SNR, because some
interactions between different effects are not taken into account.
For distances d< dbreak, the received power is proportional to d−2.

Beyond that point, the power is proportional to d−n, where n typically


lies between 3.5 and 4.5.
The received power is thus
PRX(d) = PRX(dbreak)( d/ dbreak)-n for d >dbreak
Consider a mobile radio system at 900-MHz carrier frequency, and with
25-kHz bandwidth, that is affected only by thermal noise (temperature of
the environment Te = 300K). Antenna gains at the TX and RX sides are 8
dB and −2dB,4 respectively. The TX power is 10 W. Losses in cables,
combiners, etc. at the TX are 2 dB. The noise figure of the RX is 7 dB and
the 3-dB bandwidth of the signal is 25 kHz. The required operating SNR is
18 dB and the desired range of coverage is 2 km. The breakpoint is at 10-m
distance; beyond that point, the path loss exponent is 3.8, and the fading
margin is 10 dB. What is the minimum RX power?
Doppler Shift Geomerty
Doppler Spread

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