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Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon & Search and Radar Transponder

The document discusses emergency radio beacons and search and radar transponders used in search and rescue operations. It describes how 406 MHz satellite emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) transmit brief radio bursts to communicate location data to satellites. It also discusses how search and rescue radar transponders (SARTs) respond to radar signals to help rescuers locate survivors. Key parameters for EPIRB and SART performance and operations are defined, including detection probability, location accuracy, ambiguity resolution, system capacity, coverage, and notification times.

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108 views21 pages

Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon & Search and Radar Transponder

The document discusses emergency radio beacons and search and radar transponders used in search and rescue operations. It describes how 406 MHz satellite emergency position indicating radio beacons (EPIRBs) transmit brief radio bursts to communicate location data to satellites. It also discusses how search and rescue radar transponders (SARTs) respond to radar signals to help rescuers locate survivors. Key parameters for EPIRB and SART performance and operations are defined, including detection probability, location accuracy, ambiguity resolution, system capacity, coverage, and notification times.

Uploaded by

Nicus Nicuş
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon &

Search And Radar Transponder

Ancuta-Stanoiu Nicolae
ET-41
Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon
The 406 MHz satellite EPIRB transmits a 5W radio
frequency (RF) burst of approximately 0.5s duration
every 50 seconds. Improved frequency stability ensures
improved location accuracy,while the high peak power
increases the probability of detection. The low duty cycle
provides good multiple-access capability, with a
system capacity of 90 activated beacons simultaneously
in view of the satellite, and low mean power
consumption.
Grunt Productions 2007
An important feature of the new satellite EPIRB is the
inclusion of a digitally encoded message, which may
provide such information as the country of origin of
the unit in distress, identification of the vessel or
aircraft, nature of distress
and, in addition, for satellite EPIRBs
code in accordance with the maritime
location protocol, the ship's position a
determined by its navigation s
equipment.
Satellite EPIRBs are dual-frequency 121.5/406
MHz beacons. This enables suitably equipped
SAR units to home in on the 121.5 MHz
transmission and permits over flight monitoring by
aircraft.
Depending on the type of
beacon (maritime, airborne or
land), beacons can be activated
either
manually or
automatically.
System Performance and Operations Performance
parameters
The following parameters are particularly important
for the user:
• EPIRB location probability;
• EPIRB location error;
• ambiguity resolution probability;
• capacity;
• coverage; and
• notification time.
1
2
1. EPIRB detection
EPIRB probability for the 406
3
MHz satellite EPIRB is
defined as the probability
EARTH of detection by LUT of
1 at least one message
2
with a correct code--
3 protected section from
the first tracked satellite.
EPIRB

EARTH
Grunt Productions 2007
2. EPIRB location probability for the 406 MHz
satellite EPIRB is defined as the probability of
detecting and decoding at least four individual
messages bursts during a single satellite pass so that a
Doppler curve-set estimate can be generated by the
LUT. At 121.5 MHz, EPIRB location probability is
defined as the probability of location during a satellite
pass above 10° elevation with respect to the beacon.
EPIRB location probability relates to the two
solutions ("true" and "mirror") and not to
a single unambiguous result.
Grunt Productions 2007
TWO EARTH POSITIONS INDICATED
ON OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE SATELLITE TRACK
G runt P rod W H I C H ONE IS THE REAL ONE?
uctio ns 2 0 07
3. EPIRB location accuracy is
defined as the difference
between the location
calculated by the system using
measured Dopplerfrequencies
and the actual location.
Grunt Productions 2007
121.5: 12 NM

406: 2 NM

406 w/GPS: 0.05 NM


4. Ambiguity resolution probability is
defined as the ability of the system to
select the "true" rather than the "mirror"
location.

Grunt Productions 2007


•Latitude and distance is LOCATION?
determined

•Target could be on either


orange dot

• We can’t know
which! (yet) LATITUDE

DISTANCE

Grunt Pro ductions 2007


LOCATION!
LATITUDE

DISTANCE

Grunt Productions 2007


5. Capacity is defined as the number
of EPIRBs in common view of the
spacecraft which the system can
process simultaneously.

Grunt Productions 2007


6. Notification time is the period from
activation of an EPIRB spectral
characteristic. The values given below
were confirmed by statistical analysis of
over 5,000 beacons during the
development and experiment phase.
121.5 MHz EPIRB - Average 6 Hour Notification
406 MHz EPIRB - Average 1 Hour Notification
406 EPIRB with GPS - Average 5 minute
Notification
Grunt Productions 2007
COSPAS-SARSAT Rescue Timeline

1: Beacon 2: Satellite 3: LUT 4: MCC 5: RCC

Best Case:
8 min. 5 min. 1 min. 1 min.
15 min.

Worst Case:
100 min. 10 min. 5 min. 1 min.
2 Hours
Search and Rescue Radar Transponders (SARTs)
Search and rescue radar transponders (SARTs) are main
means in the GMDSS for locating ships in distress or their
survival craft, and their carriage on board ships is mandatory.
The SART operates in the 9GHz frequency band and
generates a series of response signals on being interrogated by
any ordinary 9GHz shipborne radar or suitable airborne
radar. No modification is needed to a ship's radar equipment
for detecting SART signals. SARTs can be either portable, for
use on board ship or carrying into any survival craft,
installed on the ship and in each survival craft, or so as
to operate after floating free from the sinking ship. They may
also be incorporated into a float-free satellite EPIRB.

Grunt Productions 2007


Operational and technical characteristics of SART
1. The SART can be activated manually or
automatically when placed into the water so that it
will thereafter respond when interrogated.
2. When activated in a distress situation the SART
respond to radar interrogated by transmitting a
swept-frequency signal which generates a line of
blip code on a radar screen outward from the
SART’s position along its line of bearing. This
unique radar signal is easily recognized on the radar
screen and the rescue vessel (and aircraft, if
equipped with suitable radar) can detect the
survivors even in poor visibility or at night.
Grunt Productions 2 00
7
3. The SART provides a visual or audible indication of its

correct operation and will also inform survivors when it


is interrogated by a radar.
4. The SART will have sufficient battery capacity to
operate in the stand-by condition for 96 hours and 8
hours in the transmission mode and will be able to operate
under ambient temperatures of -20°C to +55°C.
5. The vertical polar diagram of the antenna and the
hydrodynamic characteristics of the device will permit the
SART to respond to radar under heavy swell
conditions. SART transmission is substantially
omnidirectional in the
Horizontal plane
Grunt Productions 2007

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