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1 Macro Vickers

The Vickers hardness test uses an indenter with a square-based diamond pyramid tip to make indentations in a material. The Vickers scale is generally force independent above 200gf. The macro Vickers test uses forces over 1kgf and measures indentations in millimeters, while the micro test uses forces from 1-1000gf and measures in micrometers. The test involves pressing the indenter into the material under a controlled force for 10-15 seconds, after which the two diagonals of the indentation are measured under a microscope to calculate the hardness value.

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118 views10 pages

1 Macro Vickers

The Vickers hardness test uses an indenter with a square-based diamond pyramid tip to make indentations in a material. The Vickers scale is generally force independent above 200gf. The macro Vickers test uses forces over 1kgf and measures indentations in millimeters, while the micro test uses forces from 1-1000gf and measures in micrometers. The test involves pressing the indenter into the material under a controlled force for 10-15 seconds, after which the two diagonals of the indentation are measured under a microscope to calculate the hardness value.

Uploaded by

Abhinav Chandraker
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Macro Vickers hardness test

The Vickers (HV) test


was developed in
England is 1925 and was
formally known as the
Diamond Pyramid
Hardness (DPH) test.
Vickers test indentor

The ideal Vickers indenter is a highly polished, pointed pyramidal diamond with a square
base. The angle between the faces of the pyramid is 136o.

Primary difference between Micro and Macro Vickers test

Micro indentation Vickers hardness test is normally done using indentation test forces in
gram force (1 to 1000 gf) and the indentation diagonals are measured in micrometres
(μm).

Macro indentation Vickers hardness test is normally done using indentation test forces in
kilograms-force (higher than 1 kgf) and the indentation diagonals are measured in
millimetres (mm).
Active Standard ASTM E92
Procedure of the test.
1. The indenter is pressed into the sample by an accurately controlled test
force.
2. The force is maintained for a specific dwell time, normally 10 – 15 seconds.
3. After the dwell time is complete, the indenter is removed leaving an indent
in the sample that appears square shaped on the surface.
4. The size of the indent is determined optically by measuring the two diagonals
of the square indent using a microscope, and their average is calculated.
5. The area of the sloping surface of the indentation is calculated. The Vickers
hardness is the quotient obtained by dividing the kgf load by the square mm
area of indentation.
HV = Load/Surface Area of Indentation
Formula for calculating Vickers Hardness Value

HV = [2P sin (/2)]/d2


where,
 = angle between faces = 136o
d = diagonal length
(P in kgf, d in mm, HV in kg/mm2 or VHN)
or (P in Newtons, d in meters, HV in GPa)
Hardness values of sample
Specimen: Cast Iron
Load: 30kgf
1. D_1= 0.483 mm , D_2= 0.479 mm
D_avg = 0.481
HV= 1.8544*P/D_avg^2 = 240.45

2. D_1 = 0.405 mm , D_2 = 0.411 mm


D_avg = 0.408
HV = 1.8544*P/D_avg^2 = 334.12

3. D_1 = 0.474 mm , D_2 = 0.371 mm


D_avg = 0.422
HV = 1.8544*P/D_avg^2 = 312.40
Advantages of Macro Vickers hardness test
1. One scale covers the entire hardness range and is applicable for for all materials, from
the softest to the hardest ones.

2. With the exception of test forces below 200gf, Vickers values are generally considered
test force independent. This means that several different loading settings will give
practically identical hardness values for a uniform material, which is much better than
the arbitrary changing of scale with the other hardness testing methods. In other words,
if the material being tested is uniform, the Vickers values will be the same regardless of
whether a 500g force or a 50kg force is applied.

3. Extremely accurate readings can be taken.

4. Just one type of indenter is used for all types of metals and surface treatments. This
makes the Vickers hardness values continuous over the total range of hardness for metals
(typically HV100 to HV1000)
Disadvantages of Macro Vickers hardness test
1. The specimen surface should be smooth and metallographically polished for accurate
measurements. The surface preparation much better than that for Rockwell or Brinell
Hardness.

2. The Vickers machine is more expensive than the Brinell or Rockwell machines.

3. Below 200gf, caution must be used when trying to compare results.

4. There is a need to optically measure the indent size. This requires that the test point be
highly finished to be able to see the indent well enough to make an accurate
measurement.

5. Testing is slow and can take up to 30 seconds, not taking into account the sample
preparation time.
Disadvantages of Macro Vickers hardness test
6. Pincushion or barreled indentation may lead to overestimation or underestimation of
the diagonal length.
(a) Perfect indentation
(b) Pincushion indentation due to sinking in (Overestimation of diagonal length):
happens in soft or annealed metals
(c) Barreled Indentation due to ridging (Underestimation of diagonal length): hardened
or cold-worked metals

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