INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

SUBMITTED BY:-
SRISHTY GUPTA(18BTL010410)
SHILPA(18BTL010409)
 CONTENTS
•Introduction
•Definition of AI
•History of AI and Present State
•What AI can do today?
•Intelligent Agents and Environment
•Fundamental AI way of thinking
•Basic Search Strategies in AI
•Weak AI and Strong AI Hypothesis
•The Ethics and Risks of developing AI
DEFINITION OF AI
 EXAMPLES
Acting Humanly Thinking Humanly Thinking Rationally Acting Rationally
Turing Test Approach Cognitive Science The law of Thought Rational Agent

The interdisciplinary
•Natural Language Intelligent behavior
field of cognitive Doing the right thing at
Processing where it is reflex, not
science brings together right time.
•Knowledge Representation necessarily
computer models from
•Automated Reasoning deliberative.
AI and experimental
•Machine Learning techniques from
•Computer Vision psychology to construct
•Robotics precise
and testable theories of
the human mind.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF AI
In 1946,ENIAC was invented.

1950,Turing introduced
the great Turing test.

In 1956,the word
Artificial Intelligence
was coined by John
McCarthy.

1974-1993 AI
Winters.

During 1996-2010, Deep

Blue, IBM Watson
happened, speech
recognition, RPA, dancing
robot, smart homes and
many more is to come
from AI.
 PRESENT STATE OF AI
•First Generation- Logic Based/Symbolic AI (1950 to 1995)
•2nd Generation- Probabilistic AI (Early 90’s to 2010)
From 5-6 years, Neural Networks have completely overshadowed again.
 
WHAT AI CAN DO TODAY?

In expert systems,
computer can
designed to act in a
particular domain.
In Natural Language Processing, which
enable computers and people to
communicate in natural languages like
English.

In Speech Recognition, used in medical field to

understand or recognize human speech.

In Computer Vision, which allows computers to understand

their surrounding through attached cameras.

In Robotics, used in applications for human comfort, allowing robots to respond to change in
environment.
 INTELLIGENT AGENT
An Agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its Environment through Sensors and
acting upon that environment through Actuators.

Perceiving Thinking Acting

 TASK ENVIORNMENT
Task Environments which are essentially the “Problems” to which rational agents are the
“Solutions”.

Task Environment = PEAS (Performance, Environment, Actuators, and Sensors)

 FUNDAMENTAL AI WAY OF
THINKING
A State represents all the information about the Environment

Modeling Algorithm

Example- 4 Queens Problem:-

•States: Any argument of 0 to 8 queens on the board is state.
•Initial state: No queens on the board.
•Actions: Add a queen to any empty square.
•Transition model: Returns the board with a queen added to
the specified square.
•Goal test: 8 queens are on the board, none attacked.
 BASIC SEARCH STRATEGIES
Search Algorithms

Uninformed Search Informed Search

Depth -First Breadth- Uniform Greedy Graph

A* Search
Search First Search Cost Search Search Search
 EXAMPLE OF UNINFORMED SEARCH ALGORITHM

Consider the graph such that “S” represents the Start state and ”G ” represents the Goal state.

S According to Depth-First Search Sequence would be:

S-B-C-D-G
B

According to Breadth-First Search Sequence would be:

S-B-G
C

G
EXAMPLE OF INFORMED SEARCH ALGORITHM
(GREEDY SEARCH)
F(n)=H(n)
Evaluation Function=Heuristic Function

Problem Graph Solution Graph

Solution
WEAK AI AND STRONG AI HYPOTHESIS

E.g. Machine Learning E.g. Deep Learning

 THE ETHICS AND RISKS OF DEVELOPING AI

3
4
5
2
0
1
AI, however, seems to pose some fresh problems beyond that are:-
•People might loose their jobs due to automation
•People might have too much (or too little) leisure time.
•People might loose their sense of being unique.
•AI system might be used towards undesirable ends.
•The use of AI systems might result in a loss of accountability
•The success of AI might mean the end of the human race.
“If it works -> You Know how it work -> And if you know how it works -> Its not intelligent
anymore -> It’s not AI -> AI is the next thing that doesn't work. ”
 CONCLUSION

We identified six potential threads to society posed by AI and related technology. We concluded that some
of the threads are either unlikely of differ little from threads posed by “Unintelligent” technologies. One
thread in particular is worthy of further consideration: that unintelligent machines might lead to a future
that is very different from today- we may not like it, and at that point we may not have a choice. Such
considerations lead inevitably to the conclusion that we must weigh carefully, and soon, the possible
consequences of AI research.
 
 BIBLIOGRAPGY/REFRENCES

• Stuart Russell & Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Prentice-Hall, Third
Edition (2009)

• www.google.com