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Introduction To Embedded Systems

Embedded systems combine hardware, software, and mechanical components to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices like washing machines, vehicles, and smartphones. This document discusses the definition of embedded systems, their history, applications, and challenges. It also covers embedded system classifications, components, and firmware design approaches.

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545 views14 pages

Introduction To Embedded Systems

Embedded systems combine hardware, software, and mechanical components to perform dedicated functions. They are found in devices like washing machines, vehicles, and smartphones. This document discusses the definition of embedded systems, their history, applications, and challenges. It also covers embedded system classifications, components, and firmware design approaches.

Uploaded by

rajesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION TO EMBEDDED

SYSTEMS
Definition of Embedded System,
Embedded system Vs General computing
System,
History of Embedded System,
Classification,
Major Application Areas and Purpose of
embedded systems,
Characteristics and Challenges of Embedded
Systems
Definition of Embedded System
• An embedded system is a combination of
3things:
• a. Hardware
• b. Software
• c. Mechanical Components
And it is supposed to do one specific task only.
Example : Washing Machine
Embedded system Vs General computing System
General Computer Purpose Embedded System
It is combination of generic It is combination of special
hardware and a general purpose purpose hardware and embedded
OS for executing a variety of OS for executing
applications specific set of applications
It contains general purpose operating It may or may not contain operating
system system.
Applications are alterable by the Applications are non-alterable by the
user. user
Performance” factor is key Application specific requirements are
key factors
Power Consumption is More Power Consumption is Less
Response Time IS Not Critical Response Time Critical for some
applications
History of Embedded System
• The first recognized embedded system is the Apollo Guidance
Computer(AGC) developed by MIT lab.
•  AGC was designed on 4K words of ROM & 256 words of
RAM.
•  The clock frequency of first microchip used in AGC was
1.024 MHz.
•  It used 5000 ICs.
• The first mass-produced embedded system was guidance
computer for the Minuteman-I missile in1961.
•  In the year 1971 Intel introduced the world's
first microprocessor chip called the 4004, was designed
for use in business calculators. It was produced by the
Japanese Company Busicom.
Classification
• The classification of embedded system is
based on following criteria's:
• On generation
• On complexity & performance
• On deterministic behaviour
• On triggering
On generation
First generation(1G):
• Built around 8bit microprocessor & microcontroller.
• Simple in hardware circuit & firmware developed.
• Examples: Digital telephone keypads
•  
Second generation(2G):
• Built around 16 bit μp & 8 bit μc.
• They are more complex & powerful than 1G μp & μc.
• Third generation(3G):
• Built around 32 bit μp & 16-bitμc.
• Concepts like Digital Signal Processors(DSPs),
Third generation(3G):
• Built around 32 bit μp & 16-bitμc.
• Concepts like Digital Signal Processors(DSPs),
• Application Specific Integrated Circuits(ASICs)evolved.
• Examples: Robotics, Media,etc.
Fourth generation:
• Built around 64-bit μp & 32-bitμc.
• The concept of System on Chips (SoC), Multi core Processors
evolved.
• Highly complex & very powerful.
• Examples: Smart Phones.
On complexity & performance
Small-scale:
• Simple in application need Performance not time- critical.
• Built around low performance & low cost 8 or 16bit μp/μc.
• Example: an electronic toy
Medium-scale:
• Slightly complex in hardware & firmware requirement.
• Built around medium performance & low cost 16 or 32 bitμp/μc.
• Usually contain operating system.
• Examples: Industrial machines.
Large-scale:
• Highly complex hardware & firmware.
• Built around 32 or 64 bit RISC μp/μc or PLDs or Multicore Processors.
• Response is time-critical.
• Examples: Mission critical applications
• On deterministic behavior
Based on execution behavior Real Time embedded
systems are divided into Hard and Soft.
. On triggering
based on-triggering.
Reactive systems can be:
Event triggered Time triggered
Purpose of embedded systems
• 1.Data Collection/Storage/Representation
• 2.Data communication
• 3.Data signal processing
• 4.Monitoring
• 5.Control
APPLICATION OF EMBEDDED SYSTEM
• The application areas and the products in the embedded domain
are countless.
1.Consumer Electronics: Camcorders, Cameras.
2.Household appliances: Washing machine, Refrigerator.
3.Automotive industry: Anti-lock breaking system(ABS), engine
control.
4.Home automation & security systems: Air conditioners,
sprinklers, fire alarms.
5.Telecom: Cellular phones, telephone switches.
6.Computer peripherals: Printers, scanners.
7.Computer networking systems: Network router sand switches.
8.Healthcare: EEG, ECG machines.
9.Banking & Retail: Automatic teller machines, point of sales.
10.Card Readers: Barcode, smart card readers.
Challenges of Embedded Systems
• Size
• Price
• performance
UNIT-II
• Core of the Embedded System: General
purpose and Domain Specific Processors,
ASICs, PLDs,
• Processor selection for design,
• Memory Selection for Embedded Systems,
Sensors and Actuators,
• Communication Interface: Onboard and
External Communication Interfaces
UNIT-III
• Reset Circuit,
• Brown-out Protection Circuit,
• Oscillator Unit,
• Real Time Clock,
• Watch Dog Timer,
• Embedded Design Firmware Design
Approaches and development languages

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