DATABASE

MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

Prof. S. K. MAJUMDAR

14/05/20 1
 Introduction
•Database Plays a Key Role in BMIS.
•Management without the support of right Database is unthinkable.

Executive Support
Strategic System
on
ati

Planning
m

Database
uto

Managerial Decision Support

eA

System
Control
fic
Of

Operational Transaction Processing

Control System

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

3
What is a database?
A structured collection of information
captures the semantics (symbols and logics)
of an application
• Logically coherent—so it makes sense

• Inherently meaningful—information vs data

• Serve Specific purposes—intended user group

• Representation of the real world—changes in the real

world reflected in the database

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

4
What is a Database Management System?
A collection of software/ programs and tools
designed to create, maintain and utilize large
collections of data of databases

• Defining specifying types of data

• Constructing storing & populating
• Manipulating querying, updating, reporting

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

5
Why Organization Need Data Management System?

• No Organization can manage its business

without keeping track of the business data.

• Data, file, or database organization has profound

effect on how information can be delivered, the

design of database must be very carefully

considered.

• Ref: P-226

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

6
 Why Database Systems Software?
To Manage complex business processes, organization
need support of smart and intelligent database
systems software for
• Organizing
• Sorting
• Storing
• Processing, and
• Fast Retrieving

of data from large pools of data.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

7
Functional Utilities of DBMS?
1. Reduced application development time
2. Data independence: Application programs not dependent on data
representation and storage details
3. Data sharing: data is better utilized (discovered and reused),
redundancy of data is minimized
4. Data integrity and consistency: one may enforce consistency
constraints on data, e.g., number of seats sold ≤ number of seats on the
plane × 1.1
5. Centralized control: DBA tunes the database to balance user's needs
6. Security: mechanisms to prevent unauthorized access. These
mechanisms are based on content instead of file-oriented approach.
7. Concurrency control: avoids undesirable conditions that arise with
simultaneous access/updates to data
8. Crash recovery: ensures the integrity of data in the presence of failures

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

8
Importance of DBMS in MIS

1. The database management system is one of the most

important MIS tools for data manipulation.

2. Managers Use DBMS to maximize productivity and

reduce corporate costs—and risks.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

9
 Hierarchy
Hierarchy of
of Data
Data Organization
Organization in
in Computer
Computer Storage
Storage

Example
Component of Data
Organization SUPPLIERS PARTS
Database
SHIPMENTS

Logical File SUPPLIERS STREET

Components NO. NAME ADDRESS CITY ST ZIP
13 Gasket Co. 50. Oak Tifflin OH 44883
.
.
3251 Reliable Supp. 11 Cedar Teaneck NJ 07666
Record
13 Gasket Co. 50 Oak Tifflin OH 44883

Field Reliable Suppliers

(attribute)
Physical
Byte 01000001 (represents “A” in the
(Storage)
ASCII-8 character code)
Components Bit 0

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

11
Hierarchies of Database

• Database has Files

• File has Records
• Record has Fields
• Field has Characters

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

12
Example1 - Student Database

Has Files Containing

Course File
Financial File
Personal History File

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

13
Course File
Has Records Containing
Students’ ID
Course Taken
Date of Completion Data Field

Grade Obtained

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

14
Course File

Student ID Course Date Grade

Data Field

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

15
Data Analysis
• One has to understand
• The Entities
• The Attributes, and
• The Key Fields in a Record

of the business processes/

systems for which DBMS are to
be developed

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

16
Entity
Entities are specific objects or things about
which data is to be stored. It can be
A person
Place,
Things or
Events
for example the Employee Chami Meriem,
the Research Department, the Database
Project.
May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar
17
Data Attributes
• Attributes are pieces of information that
describe properties or characteristics of
the entity; for example, an Employee
entity may have a Name, ID, Address,
Sex, BirthDate.
• A specific entity will have a value for
each of its attributes.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

18
Key Field (Unique Identifier)

• A Key Field in a Record is the field that

uniquely identifies the record from the
rests,
• So that the Record can be Retrieved,
Updated and Stored.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

19
Entity = Order

Attributes

Order No. Order Date Item No. Quantity

5370 25.8.98 1780 7

Key Field

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

20
Entity = Order

Attributes

Order No. Order Date Item No. Quantity Cost

5370 25.8.98 1780 7 7700

Key Field
May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar
21
Exercise: 4.1

Design a Database Architecture for

the Placement Cell of SOM of PU for
the MBA Students.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

22
Exercise: 4.2
Decide
The Files
The Entities (Entity Set)
The Attributes of the Entities
The Key Fields of Each Record

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

23
 3 Core Aspects of DBMS
• 1. Design of Databases.
• How does one develop a useful database? What kinds of information
go into the database? How is the information structured? What
assumptions are made about types or values of data items? How do
data items connect?

• 2. Database Programming.
• How does one express queries and other operations on the database?
How does one use other capabilities of a DBMS, such as transactions
or constraints, in an application? How is database programming
combined with conventional programming?

• 3. Database System Implementation.

• How does one build a DBMS, including such matters as query
processing, transaction processing and organizing storage for efficient
access?

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

29
 Focus of MIS Course
• Design of Databases.
1. How to develop a useful database?
2. What kinds of data are to be stored into the
database?
3. How to represent the logical structure of
Real world data?
4. What assumptions are made about types
or values of data items?
5. How do data items connect?

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

30
 Database Terminologies
• Entity

• Attributes

• Entity Relationship

• Data Models

• Schemas

• Instances

• DBMS Environment

• Data Views

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

31
1. Entity
• A person, place, thing or event on which information

is maintained.

2. Data Attribute
• A characteristic or quality of a particular entity.

3. Entity Relationships
• The Relationship these entities have to each other

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

32
 What is Data Model?
1. A data model is graphical representation of the
logical constructs of the Database.

2. Notations and Symbols are used to depict/ map

the characteristics (Attributes) and behaviours
(Relationships, Associations & Constraints) of
the Entities in a database.

3. Structure of a database includes the data

types, relationships and constraints that should
hold on the data.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

33
 Schema (Sketch - Logical construct of the Data)
• Database Schema describes the logical
design of the database (how database is to
be structured and defined at set-up time). It is
the data about data - metadata). It defines
Records and Associations.

• The Schemas of entire database (listing of all data

elements of database and their relationships) are
kept in Data Dictionary .
Meta = Beyond

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

34
DBMS Environment
• DBMS is an important component of
database environment, which also
includes
• People (Users, Developers & Administrators)
• Procedures (Business processes & Functions)
• Data (inputs, outputs, Facts & Figures of Business)
• Hardware,
• Software, and
• Network.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

37
 A
A Database
Database Environment
Environment
Reports

End Users Application

Program A
.
.
.

Application Stored
Program X Database
DBMS

Query

Stored
Data Definitions
Update Reports
May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar
38
 Components of DBMS Software
Application
Programs DBMS
Program
Program11 DDL
Program
Program22 Physical
Storage
Program DML of Data
Program33

Task Specific

Data
Data
Dictionary
Dictionary
May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar
39
Example - DDL
• CREATE TABLE PART-MASTER
(
PRODUCT_NUMBER CHAR (8)
DESCRIPTION CHAR (30)
UNIT_PRICE NUMBER (9, 2)
QUANTITY_ON_HAND NUMBER (6) DEFAULT
0
)

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

42
 Types of DML
• The two most used DMLs are

1.SQL ( Structured Query Language) and

• The basic form of an SQL query is

• SELECT…… FROM …..WHERE

2.QBE (Query By Examples) – Point & Click, ATM

• The most prominent DML today is Structured Query
Language (SQL) that is employed by end users to
manipulate data.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

44
Classifications of Databases
• According to Use:
• Operational Databases
• Analytical Databases
• End User Database
• External Databases

• According to Construct:
• Distributed Databases - Storage
• Object Oriented Database (OOBD) - Data Type
• Hypermedia Database (New Generation)- Build in

Networking capability with all types text, graph, sound and Video

• Warehouse (Large databases) - Size

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

47
Data Warehouse & Data Mining
• A data warehouse is a database that consolidates
data extracted from various production and
operational systems into one large database that can
be used for management reporting and analysis.
• And the technique used to extract (to identify the
key factors and trends in historical pattern of
business activities) data from these large data
warehouse is known as data mining.

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

54
3 Types of Record-Based Logical Models
Logical Arrangements of linking of Records & their Attributes

• Hierarchical model (Tree Like Structure)

• Network model (Multi-Point Entry System)

• Relational model (Flat 2x2 Table Data Entry)

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

58
Hierarchical Data Model
• The relationships between records form a

hierarchy or tree like structure.

• All records are dependent and arranged in multi-

level structures, consisting one root record and

any number of subordinate levels.

• A hierarchical data model permits two types of

relationship.

• One-to-One

• One-to-Many

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

59
 Example
Root
Employee

First Compensation
Job
Assignments Benefits
Child

Second Performance Salary Life

Child Rating History Pension
Insurance
Health

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

60
Great Grand parent Root

Grand parent
Nodes

Parent

Children

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

63
 A member of
a Network
database
can have
Multiple
owner

Multiple Users and Shared Ownership

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar
65
 Definition of a Relational Database
A relational database is a collection of relations or
two-dimensional tables, which are related to each
other by sharing a common characteristics or field.

server

Table Name: EMPLOYEES Table Name: DEPARTMENTS

… …
May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar
70
 Example: Student Relation

Relation/Table Name Attributes/Columns

STUDENT
Name Student-id Age GPA

Tuples/Rows
Musharaf 99223367 54 1.19
Advani 96882145 76 9.75
Jaitley 96452165 64 9.99
Modi 96154292 69 9.5
Shusma 96520934 58 7.5

May 14, 2020 Dr. S. K. Majumdar

75
May 14, 2020 76