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Application of Polymer For Energy Generation

The document discusses the use of polymer materials for solar energy conversion. It begins by introducing the challenges with current silicon-based solar cells, including low efficiency around 22% due to energy losses during photon to electron conversion. New polymer materials could help address this by constructing molecular orbitals that minimize the energy gap. The document then discusses various polymer materials used in organic solar cells, including PCBM, P3HT, and others, which have efficiencies up to 10% and advantages over traditional solar cells like low costs and flexible processing. Finally, it outlines some of the key challenges in further improving efficiency for polymer-based solar cells.

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80 views18 pages

Application of Polymer For Energy Generation

The document discusses the use of polymer materials for solar energy conversion. It begins by introducing the challenges with current silicon-based solar cells, including low efficiency around 22% due to energy losses during photon to electron conversion. New polymer materials could help address this by constructing molecular orbitals that minimize the energy gap. The document then discusses various polymer materials used in organic solar cells, including PCBM, P3HT, and others, which have efficiencies up to 10% and advantages over traditional solar cells like low costs and flexible processing. Finally, it outlines some of the key challenges in further improving efficiency for polymer-based solar cells.

Uploaded by

IzzatiHazwani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Application of Polymer

for Energy Generation


Introduction of fuel cell
 Solar photoelectric energy converted into electricity requires large surface
areas with incident light and flexible materials to capture these light
emissions.
 Currently, sunlight rays are converted to electrical energy using silicon
polymeric material with efficiency up to 22%.
 The majority of the energy is lost during conversion due to an energy gap
between sunlight photons and polymer energy transformation.
 This energy conversion also depends on the morphology of present polymeric
materials.
 Therefore, it is very important to construct mechanisms of highest energy
occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO)s and the lowest energy unoccupied
molecular orbitals (LUMO)s to increase the efficiency of conversion.
Introduction of fuel cell
 The organic and inorganic solar cells used as dyes can absorb more photons
from sunlight and the energy gap will be less for better conversion of energy
to electricity than the conventional solar cells.
 Today we will discuss on the performance, characterization, and reliability of
different composite polymeric materials for energy conversion.
 Specific attention has been given to organic solar cells because of their
several advantages over others, such as their low-energy payback time,
conversion efficiency and greenhouse emissions.
 Finally, we will able to know the recent progress on the application of both
organic and inorganic solar cells for electric power generations together with
several challenges that are currently faced.
Efficiency of material used in energy
conversion.
Polymeric Material
 The conjugated polymers can be used in electronics and photovoltaic cells
and it showed excellent results with low cost.
 Polymer-based solar cells have the efficiency to convert power 5–10% in
recent reports.
 Screen printing, inkjet printing and spray deposition method easily applicable
at lower temperature for organics because materials are soluble in nature.
 Roll to roll high throughput processing are required the above technique that
lowering the cost related to current grid electricity with polymer-based PV
solar cell.
 We discuss current technical challenge as well as basic material needed to
increase the efficiency of solar cells.
Polymeric Material

 The common materials are used in polymer photovoltaics are


 PCBM: (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester;
 MDMO-PPV: poly(2-methoxy-5-(30,70-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-
vinylene)
 RR-P3HT: regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)
 PCPDTBT: poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4Hcyclopenta[ 2,1-b;3,4-b]-
dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)]
 All conjugated molecules are highly polarizable due to -systems so they are
electronically active, and easily hybridized the orbitals depending on p
atomic orbitals.
Polymeric Material

 In recent years, an ever-growing energy demand has been consolidated


through the world.
 To supply this demand, several renewable energy (RE) sources have been
implemented, such as wind, solar, biomass, fuel cells and geothermal .
 Among these, a great interest has been developed in solar power, because it
is abundant, non-polluting and in-expensive .
 Planet Earth receives 1.751017 W of solar energy per year; this is enough to
satisfy the world annual energy demand in less than an hour.
 The main technology to harness solar power is solar cells.
Polymeric Material

 Among the latest type of solar cell that can be used for this purpose, include the
organic solar cells made from organic materials and polymers .
 The investment in solar cells is high in the present, however the cost related to
solar power are expected to fall in the next few years.
 For this reason, several new studies have been developed in the recent years
aiming for better efficiency.
 Organic solar cells composed of an active layer made of a donor and acceptor
which can be layered to make a “heterojunction” .
 This promotes the correct splitting and dissociation of the exciton, thus
increasing efficiency .
 A brief overview of the solar cell history, types, and strategies to improve its
efficiency shall be discussed.
Organic and Inorganic Material
 Depending on the type of material used, solar cells can be categorized into
the following
 Polycrystalline inorganic cells: made of inorganic materials such as Cu(In, Ga)
(S, Se)2, CIGSSE,Cu2ZnSn(S, Se) 4 and CZTSSe, using gallium (Ga) and Sulfur
(S) in Cu2InSe2 (CISe), creates CIGSSe achieving efficiency of 21.7%.
 Amorphous Si (a -Si): amorphous solar cells are made of silicon through
chemical vapor deposition [123], the conductivity of this cell can be
controlled through incorporating phosphine or diborane gas during deposition,
preventing efficiency loss.
 Organic photovoltaics: composed of organic materials by solution-based
process, due a short diffusion length this type of cell, lead to efficiency near
100%.
 Organic-inorganic halide perovskite: The first Organic-inorganic halide (also
known as “perovskite”) is the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC or Graetzel cell),
made by Graetzel as an extension of the bulk distributed interface.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Polymer
Matrix Composite
 Phenyl-C61-Butyric Acid Methyl Ester (PCBM) and Poly (3-Hexyl Thiophene)
(P3HT)
 Poly(Ethylene-3,4-Dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and Poly (Styrene Sulfonic Acid)
(PSS)
 Poly(4-Butyltripheneylamine) (PTPA) and Polystyrene (PS)
 Poly[2-Methoxy-5-(30,70-Dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-Phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-
PPV) and Lead (II) Sulfide (PbS)
 Poly (3-Hexyl Thiophene) (P3HT) and Polystyrene (PS)
Solar Energy Conversion Technology
 Energy Generation Principle:
 Solar cells generate energy by electron displacement, this happens when the
free electrons in the surface of the panel, and the photons that come from
the sun collide.
 Solar cells are composed of a p-n junction, the first is denominated “p” and it
is full of electrons, and the second is denominated “n” and lacks electrons. It
is also known as “holes”.
 The electric field between these 2 zones make possible the movement of
electrons from “p” to “n”, but not in the other direction by natural means.
 Solar Radiation:
 Sunlight is composed of several different radiation specters; this varies
significantly in different locations because of latitude, humidity,
temperature, angle of incidence, among other reasons.
Solar Energy Conversion Technology
 Light Harvesting:
 Improving the performance of a solar cell can be achieved by decreasing the
bandgap or managing the photons.
 The first relies on the semiconductors, in as much as they can only absorb
photons with higher energy than its bandgap.
 Efficiency of Charge Transportation and Collection:
 Overall efficiency of the solar cell can be increased by improving the specific
efficiency of the charge transportation and collection.
 In the charge transportation two aspects can be optimized, the first is
“charge drift” and happens when charge travels under the effect of an energy
field, the second is “charge diffusion” and occurs when a charge moves under
a charge concentration gradient, accelerating this phenomena improves
charge transportation.
Types of Solar Cells
 Energy generation through a solar cell depends of several factors, in general
terms they are classified by composition and structure.
 First Generation: Single (p-n) junction mono or multi crystalline silicon solar
cells, the mono crystalline solar cell has an efficiency record of 25%.
 Second Generation: Thin films is currently composed of copper indium gallium
selenide (CIGS).
 Third Generation: Organic solar cells (OSC), Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC)
and multijunction cells.
Organic Solar Cells
 The Organic solar cells (OSC) belong to the third generation type, and are
composed of organic semiconductor materials.
 These materials have properties that are attractive for the photovoltaic
applications among these are
 Wide range of very cheap materials and structures.
 High absorption coefficient.
 Ease of processing
 Mechanical Flexibility.
 Non-toxic.
 Adjustable band-gap.
 Control over the electric conductivity.
 They can be applied at room temperature.
Among the advantages, the following stand
out
 Low energy payback time
 Greenhouse gas emission
 Power conversion efficiency
 For organic solar cells there are several challenges to overcome, these are
 1.Tandem architectures.
 2. Plasmonics.
 3. Improvement upon the short diffusion length of excitons.
 4. Polymeric nano-composites including graphitic nano-structural material.
 5. Donor-Acceptor interface improving the number of excitons.
 6. Crystal structure improvements to increase the electrical conductivity.
 7. Maximizing the number of photogenerated carriers.
 Organic semiconductors can be composed of the following semiconductor
materials:
 1. Macromolecule dyes.
 2. Dendrimers.
 3. Pigments.
 4. Oligomers.
 5. Polymers.
 6. Small molecules.
 7. Others.
Thank You

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