1.

TIRE NOMENCLATURE
 Four Important Functions of a Tire

Supporting Load Absorbing Road Shocks

Changing and Maintaining

Transferring Traction &
Direction of Travel
Braking Forces to the Road
Surface
 Basic Components of a Tire
A tire can be broadly classified into four component groups:

Tire
TireStructure
Structure

Casing Belts
Tread Bead
Carcass Breakers
Construction:

Tread

Belt Breaker

Bead Wire
． ．
Carcass ．
Casing
Inner Liner
 Construction and Component Parts
Radial Bias
(Ex. Tubeless) (Ex. Tube Type)

Crown
Tread
Belt (Rubber)
(Steel)

Breaker
Shoulder (Nylon) Shoulder

Carcass Plies
Casing Ply Tube (Nylon)
Inner
(Steel) Liner
Sidewall Sidewall
Flap

Bead Bead
(Steel Wire)
Bead Bead
(Steel Wire)

Valve
Chafer
-Physical Dimensions
Overall Width (OW)
Section Width (SW)
Tread Width

Section
Height
Free (SH)
Radius
Rim Flange Height
Rim Width
Overall Nominal Rim
Diameter Diameter
(OD)
Dual Spacing

Static Loaded
Radius
(SLR)

Static Loaded
Width
(SLW)
 The sidewall nomenclature of an off road tire
provides a wealth of information about a specific
tire:

For Example:
27.00R49 ** VRLS E2A E4 or 23.5-25 16PR VL2 DE2 E3 tell us:

A. Tire Size D. Pattern Type

- Physical Dimensions - Pattern Classification
B. Construction - Manufacturers Description
- Radial Ply E. Applications
- Bias Ply - Compounds
C. Strength - Heat Resistance
- Load Carrying Capacity - Cut Resistance
- Inflation Pressure Limits
 Review:

27.00R49 ** VRLS E2A E4

TRA Classification
(Earthmover Rock Deep)

Compound Designation (Optional)

E2A = Earthmover Cut Resistant

Tread Pattern
VRLS = V-Steel R-Lug S

Star Rating (Ply Rating Equivalent)

Tire Size Designation (95 Aspect Ratio)

27.00 = Section Width in Inches
R = Radial Ply Construction
49 = Rim Diameter in Inches
 Review:

23.5-25 16PR VL2 DE2 E3/L3

TRA Classification
(Earthmover Rock)
(Loader Rock)
Compound Designation (Optional)
Earthmover Cut Resistant
Loader / Dozer Cut Resistant
Tread Pattern
VL2 = V-LUG 2

Ply Rating

Tire Size Designation (80 Aspect Ratio)

23.5 = Section Width in Inches
- =Bias Ply Construction
25 = Rim Diameter in Inches
 Review:

14.00R24 * VKT G2A G2

TRA Classification
(Grader Traction)

Compound Designation (Optional)

G2A = Grader Cut Resistant

Tread Pattern
VKT = V-Steel K-Traction

Star Rating (Ply Rating Equivalent)

Tire Size Designation

　　　　 (100 Aspect Ratio)
14.00 = Section Width in Inches
R = Radial Ply Construction
24 = Rim Diameter in Inches
 Review:

55.5/80-57 68PR DL D2V L5

TRA Classification
(Loader Rock Extra-Deep)

Compound Designation (Optional)

Loader / Dozer Cut Resistant

Tread Pattern
DL = D-Lug

Ply Rating

Tire Size Designation

55.5 = Section Width in Inches
80 = Aspect Ratio SH/SW
- = Bias Ply Construction
57 = Rim Diameter in Inches
 Strength:

The word “Ply” originated when Cotton was used

for casing cords. For example, a 1200-24 needed
14 cotton plys to carry 6,600 lbs. As new materials
were introduced, the industry found that 8 actual
nylon plys could do the same job as 14 cotton plys,
thus the term “Ply Rating” was born.
Steel
Steel

Strength
Strength
Nylon
Nylon

Cotton
Cotton
Elongation
Elongation
With the development of the Radial, only 1 Steel ply cord was used -
regardless of the load to be carried. Since this differed so much from
the bias methodology, the TRA instituted the “Star Rating”. This system
uses 1, 2, or 3 stars ( *, **, ***) to determine the load range of radial tires.

Cotton Nylon Steel

14 Act. Plys 8 Act. Plys 1 Act. Ply

Conversion Table: Star Rating to Ply Rating
Star Corresponding Star Corresponding
Service Tire Size Service Tire Size
Rating Ply Rating Rating Ply Rating
Grader 14.00R24 ★ up to 16 Earthmover 26.5R25 ★★ up to 32
16.00R24 ★ up to 16 29.5R25 ★★ up to 34
17.5R25 ★ up to 16 29.5R29 ★★ up to 40
Earthmover 12.00R24 ★★★ up to 24 33.25R29 ★★ up to 44
14.00R24 ★★★ up to 32 33.5R33 ★★ up to 44
14.00R25 ★★★ up to 32 37.5R33 ★★ up to 48
16.00R25 ★★ up to 36 33.25R35 ★★ up to 44
18.00R25 ★ up to 24 37.25R35 ★★ up to 48
★★ up to 36 37.5R39 ★★ up to 52
18.00R33 ★★ up to 40 40.5/ 75R39 ★★ up to 54
21.00R33 ★★ up to 36 Loader 15.5R25 ★ up to 16
21.00R35 ★★ up to 44 17.5R25 ★ up to 16
24.00R35 ★★ up to 48 20.5R25 ★ up to 24
24.00R49 ★★ up to 48 ★★ up to 28
27.00R49 ★★ up to 54 23.5R25 ★ up to 24
30.00R51 ★★ up to 58 ★★ up to 32
33.00R51 ★★ up to 64 26.5R25 ★ up to 24
36.00R51 ★★ up to 66 ★★ up to 36
40.00R57 ★★ up to 74 29.5R25 ★ up to 28
17.5R25 ★ up to 16 ★★ up to 34
20.5R25 ★ up to 24 29.5R29 ★ up to 34
★★ up to 28 35/ 65R33 ★ up to 36
25/65R25 ★★ up to 32 45/ 65R45 ★ up to 50
23.5R25 ★ up to 24
★★ up to 32
Uses and Characteristics of Off-The-Road Tires
Main tire characteristics
Type/Service Function Vehicles required

Dump trucks
Heat-resistance,
Cut-resistance,
Earthmover Transporting Wear-resistance,
Articulated dump trucks
Shock burst-
Coal haulers resistance

Scrapers
Traction,
Grading, Maneuverability,
Grader
Leveling (directional stability)
Graders

Loader and Loading and Cut-resistance,

dozer dozing Shovels, Loaders, Wear-resistance
Bulldozers
 Main tire characteristics
Type/Service Function Vehicles required
Oil-resistance,
Compactor Compacting Cut-resistance,
Wear-resistance
Tire -rollers

Traction, Flotation,
Logging Log-skidding
Cut-resistance
Log-skidders

Heat-resistance,
High-speed High-speed
Wear-resistance,
vehicle transporting
Traction
All-Terrain Cranes

Uneven wear,
Industrial Mechanical
Wear-resistance,
Service handling
Stability
Mechanical handling
Equipment
TRA Classifications and Corresponding
Bridgestone Off-The-Road Tires
Bridgestone Tread Pattern
TRA Classifications Tread Type
Radial Bias
E-Earthmover (Haulage Service)
E-1 Rib
E-2 Traction VKT VFT VLT FG GL
E-3 Rock VEL VMT VRL RL WL EL VL2
E-4 Rock Deep VELS VMTS VALS RLS ELS ELS2
VRLS VZTS VLTS VMTP
E-7 Flotation VSJ AL SCP2
G = Grader
G-1 Rib RG
G-2 Traction VKT VSW VUT FG GL
G-3 Rock RL
G-4 Rock Deep RLS
L = Loader & Dozer (Slow Speed Service)
L-2 Traction VKT VLT VUT VSW FG VG SL GL
L-3 Rock VMT RL VL2 WL
L-4 Rock Deep VALS VLTS RLS RLS2 NL
L-4S Smooth Deep STM
L-5 Rock Extra-Deep VSDL DL MSL DL2
L-5S Smooth Extra-Deep VSMS STMS
(on the naxt page)
 TRA Clasifications and Corresponding
Bridgestone Off-The-Road Tires

(from the previous page)

Bridgestone Tread Pattern

TRA Classifications Tread Type
Radial Bias
C = Compactor Service
C-1 Smooth RR
C-2 Grooved AL2
LS = Longging service
LS-2 Intermeditate TGS FG
Highway Service
Highway Use VGT VKT VHB VSB VHS L317 VEB
Industrial Service
Industrial Use VCH VCHD VSDL VSMS VL2 RL RLS ELS2 STMS
 TRA Classifications (Tread Class)

100% 150% 250%

Regular Tread Deep Tread Extra Deep Tread

E2/L2/G2 E4/L4/G4 G5/L5
E3/L3/G3
 Application
Application of
of Bridgestone
Bridgestone Off-The-Road
Off-The-Road Tires
Tires
TREAD TRA CODE
CLASS SNOW HIGH- INDUS- SAND
APPLICATION 2 3 4 4.5 5 WAY TRIAL
VMT VMTS
VKT VALS VLTS
EARTHMOVER VFT
VLT
VMTP
VRLS
SERVICE VRL
VLT VELS
VEL VZTS
VUT
LOADER AND DOZER VKT
VMT VSDL
VLT VALS VLTS VSMS VSW
SERVICE VLT

GRADER VUT
VMT VALS VSDL VSW
SERVICE VKT

HIGHWAY VHB VSB

VHS L317
SERVICE VGT

VCH VCHD
VSDL VSMS
INDUSTRIAL
SERVICE Bias RL RLS
ELS2 STMS
VL2
VSJ
SAND SERVICE Bias
SCP2
 Applications (Compounding):

- Cut Resistant
Heat Resistance (Index)

130 - Standard

- Heat Resistant
100

80

80 100 130
Cut Resistance (Index)
 Tire Structures Classified by Service and
Designated by Bridgestone

For For For

Earthmover service Loader and Dozer service Grader service

E2A D2A G2A

Tire Structures Classified by Type of Service
and Bridgestone’s Designations

Service BS Code No. Structure

1A Standard
Earthmover Service 2A Cut-resistant
3A Heat-resistant
1A Standard
Grader Service
2A Cut-resistant
2A Cut-resistant
Loader & Dozer Service 2V* Special cut-resistant (Type "V")
2Z* Special cut-resistant (Type "Z")
Logging Service 2V **Standard
* Bias Tire Only
A: Standard
2 A V: Cut-resistant type “V”
Structure:
(Steel Breaker)
Z: Cut-resistant type “Z”
(Side Steel Breaker)
1: Standard
Characteristics: 2: Cut-resistant
3: Heat-resistant
Tread Rubber .
.
Steel Breaker .
Textile .
Carcass Plies

Type V Type Z

Steel breaker Side steel breaker

construction construction
Steel Breaker Tire (Loader Tire Only)
Tread Compound Comparison by Manufacturer

CUT RESIST. STANDARD HEAT RESIST

BS E2A LS, E2A E1A,EIA LS E3A
MI A4, A B4,B C,C4
4H 3H
GY 6S,6H 2H,2S
4S 3S

FS ― CRC HRS
YOKO RE-X CP-X HR-X
GEN ― CRB HR
2. RADIAL AND BIAS
Construction:

Tread

Belt Breaker

Bead Wire
． ．
Carcass ．
Casing
Inner Liner
Radial Tire Advantage
Radial Bias
Tread Life
Heat Resistance
Tread Cut Resistance
Side Cut Resistance
Traction
Flotation
Stability
Fuel Economy
Reparability
Size Availability

Radial tires offer superior performance compared to bias

ply tires for most applications.
 Cut Protection:
Multiple layers of steel Optional steel or nylon breaker
belts offer superior cut plies protect from tread cutting
protection

Radial Bias

Testing has shown that radial tires can be up to 80% stronger

in resisting cut penetration damage.
Greater resistance to wear
RADIAL Ply cord BIAS
Less distortion of
triangular motion tread Belts

Greater stiffness of the tread

supported by strong steel belts
restrains the movement of the
tread for superior resistance to
wearing. Triangular motion Pantagraphic motion
Less deformation : Stiffer tread More deformation

RADIAL BIAS

BIAS
RADIAL
High speed durability and greater loading capacity
Less heat generation
RADIAL BIAS
Radial tires without friction between
Friction plies and less tread squirm or scrub,
have more efficient heat-dissipation
or low heat-generation.
ONE PLY MANY PLIES

Heat study on drum

TIRE TEMPERATURE(℃)

BIAS RADIAL

TIRE SIZE: 3600-51, 3600R51

LOAD: 45.8TON
INF.P: 7.0kg/cm2
ROOM TEMP: 38 ゜

OPE-TKPH Dram Tester for Off-The-Road Tires

RADIAL

BIAS

Radial Bias

Tanpa muatan

Dengan muatan
Stronger Traction / flotation
Uniform distribution of weight on ground
with stiffer tread provides stronger
traction/flotation than bias tires. you can
drive steadily and reliably.
Comparison of weight distributed on 13% BETTER
contact area
RADIAL

Contact area

BIAS

Contact pressure
 Better riding comfort
RADIAL BIAS
You feel less discomfort Single ply of steel cord Multi-plies of textile cord
from up-down acceleration.
Radial tires offer more
comfortable riding because of
flexible sidewalls. Flexible Side wall Rigid Sidewall

Superior Riding comfort Less riding comfort

Better fuel consumption
One of the factors most
influencing fuel consumption is
rolling resistance.
Rolling resistance is caused by
deflection of the tire. RADIAL
BIAS
Low consumption on fuel is Cylindrical Toroidal
achieved by minimizing rolling Tube Membrane
resistance through steady contact Bias
with the ground which results
Radial
from rigidity of the tread.

5~10% BETTER
 Mechanics of Cut Separation (cont’d)

Direction of running

Due to the stress caused by contact with the ground,

the cut separation gradually grows in the opposite
direction to the rotation of the tire.
COMMON MECHANICAL DAMAGE

Belt
Separation

Casing
Ply
Separation

Bead
Damage
TYRE CUT DAMAGE

Influence
- High contact pressure with a
Sharp Object
 TREAD WEARING / CHIPPING

SIGNIFICANT INFLUENCE:-
•Surface Material
•Surface Conditions
 HIGH ABRASION EFFECT

WORN TREAD SURFACE CONDITION

Reason:
•Tyre slipping on operating surface.
•High gradient.
•Wet hauling surface.

Action:
•Reduce tyre slipping effect.
•Operator input.
 UNEVEN WEAR ON SHOULDER

WORN TREAD SURFACE CONDITION

Reason:
• High cornering force.
• Alignment.
• High centre of gravity.

Action:
• Reduce side loading.
• Re-align.
• Review Haulroad design.
SIDE CUT

Side Cut
 SCRAP TIRE

There are 2 reasons why a tire is scrapped:

1. Tire worn out or worn into ply
2. Tire damage and unrepairable

Worn out Worn into ply

Tire damage and unrepairable

Shoulder cut

Tread cut
BMW ON BBE JONGKANG-CLAIM TIRE ADJUSTMENT DATA
Inspected on 7 - 8 May 2003
Pattern/ Pic.
Tire Size OTD Serial No RTD RTD % Failure Type
Spec. No
VMTS
27.00R49 64 S1S000173 30.50 47.7% 8 Ply Sep / With I/L joint
E2A
VMTS
27.00R49 64 S1S000170 37.25 58.2% 13 Ply Sep / With I/L joint
E2A
VMTS
27.00R49 64 S1S000167 46.75 73.0% 14 Ply Sep / With I/L joint
E2A
6. RADIAL TIRE ADVANTAGE