DYNAMICS

BDA 20103 – LECTURE 2

MOHD NORIHAN B IBRAHIM
C16 -001-19 (013-7646887)
Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
INTRODUCTION
 Mechanics

- the state of rest or motion of bodies subjected to

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the action of forces
- branch of physical sciences
 Static

- equilibrium of a body that is either at rest

or moves with constant velocity (Newton’s 1st
Law)
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BRANCHES OF MECHANICS

M e c h a n ic s

R ig id B o d ie s D e fo rm a b l e B o d i e s F lu id s
(T h i n g s th a t d o n o t c h a n g e s h a p e ) (T h i n g s th a t d o c h a n g e s h a p e )

S ta ti c s D y n a m ic s In c o m p re s s i b l e C o m p re s s i b l e

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PRINCIPLE OF DYNAMICS
(HISTORICAL)
 Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)  Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
 First major contributor to  Most significant contributor
this field in dynamics

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 Work – experiments using  Formulation of three
pendulum and falling bodies fundamental laws of motion
and law of universal
gravitational attraction.
 Other contributor on
important techniques ;
Lagrange, Euler, etc.

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DYNAMICS
Dynamics consists two distinct parts:
kinematics and kinetics.

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Kinematics deals with the study of motion
without reference to the force which cause
motions
Kinetics relate the action of forces on bodies to
their resulting motions
 Dynamics relate with the Newton’s 2nd Law
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KINEMATICS: MOTION ONLY
KINETICS: INTERACTION FORCE - MOTION

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Force

Path of motion because of the force

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PARTICLE AND RIGID BODY
• A particle is a point mass. This means the mass is
concentrated at a single point and the particle has neither
dimensions (height, width, etc) nor orientation (angular

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position)

• Physical body can be modeled as a particle under certain

condition;
a.when considering translation of a body, or
b. when all forces acting on a body pass through the
centre of mass, or
c. when the dimensions of a body are very much
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smaller than those of its path of motion
WHEN A BODY CAN BE REPLACED BY A
PARTICLE

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The body motion can be replaced by a particle (no rotation
involved)

The body motion cannot be replaced by a particle (rotation

involved)

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TRANSLATION - ROTATION

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Translation Combination Translation and
Rotation

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KINEMATIC OF A PARTICLE : TRANSLATION, STRAIGHT,
CURVE AND CIRCULAR PATHS

There is no

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orientation of the
body

Straight Curve Circular

path path path

Therefore it
can be
simplified as
Straight Curve path Circular
particle
path path 11
 RECTILINEAR KINEMATICS:
CONTINUOUS MOTION
Rectilinear Kinematics – specifying at any
instant, the particle’s position, velocity, and
acceleration

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Position

1) Single coordinate axis, s

2) Origin, O
3) Position vector r – specific location of
particle P at any instant
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Continue….
4) Algebraic Scalar s in metres

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Note : - Magnitude of s = Dist from O to P
- The sense (arrowhead dir of r) is defined by
algebraic sign on s
=> +ve = right of origin, -ve = left of origin
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Continue….
 Displacement – change in its position, vector
quantity

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Continue….
 Ifparticle moves from P to P’
=> r  r   r
s  s  s

s is +ve if particle’s position is right of its initial

position
s is -ve if particle’s position is left of its initial
position

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Continue….
 Velocity
Change in its position at the interval time, t.
r
Average velocity, vavg 
t

Instantaneous velocity is defined as

vins  lim  r / t 
t 0

dr
 vins 
dt

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Continue….

Representing vinsas an algebraic scalar,

ds   
v 
dt  

Velocity is +ve = particle moving to the right

Velocity is –ve = Particle moving to the left
Magnitude of velocity is the speed (m/s)

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Continue….
Average speed is defined as total distance
traveled by a particle, sT, divided by the
elapsed time, .t
v  sp avg 
sT
t
The particle travels along
the path of length sT in time t
 vsp  avg  sT
t
=> s
vavg  
t
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Continue….

 Acceleration – velocity of particle is known at

points P and P’ during time intervala Δ tv , average

acceleration is
avg
t

v
aavg 
t

 Δvrepresents difference in the velocity during

the time interval Δt, ie

v  v'v
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Continue….

Instantaneous acceleration at time t is found by

taking smaller and smaller values of Δt and
corresponding smaller and smaller values of Δv,
a  lim  v / t 
t 0

dv  

a 
dt  
d 2s   
a  2   
dt

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Continue….

 Particle is slowing down, its speed is

decreasing => decelerating => v  v 'v
will be negative.
 Consequently, a will also be negative, therefore
it will act to the left, in the opposite sense to v
 If velocity is constant,

acceleration is zero

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 AVERAGE AND INSTANTANEOUS
Average Velocity Average
s Acceleration
vavg  v
t aavg 

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Position (m) t

Instantaneous
Instantaneous velocity acceleration
Δs s v
s v  lim a  lim
t 0 t t 0 t

Δt
ds dv d 2 s
time (s)
v a  2
t dt dt dt

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DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION OF
MOTION

dv  adt
Multiply by v

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ds
v dv  v a dt  a dt  a ds v dv  a ds
dt

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EXAMPLE 1
The car moves in a straight line such that for a short
time its velocity is defined by v = (0.9t2 + 0.6t) m/s
where t is in sec. Determine it position and
acceleration when t = 3s. When t = 0, s = 0.

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EXAMPLE 1

Solution:

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Coordinate System. The position coordinate
extends from the fixed origin O to the car, positive to
the right.
Position. Since v = f(t), the car’s position can be
determined from v = ds/dt, since this equation relates
v, s and t. Noting that s = 0 when t = 0, we have
  
 
 
v
ds
dt

 0.9t 2  0.6t  25
EXAMPLE 1

ds    0.9t 2  0.6t  dt
s t

0 0

s   0.3t  0.3t 
s t

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3 2
0 0

s  0.3t  0.3t
3 2

When t = 3s,
s = 10.8m

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EXAMPLE 1

Acceleration. Knowing v = f(t), the acceleration is

determined from a = dv/dt, since this equation relates a,
v and t.

a
dv d

dt dt

0.9t 2  0.6t    

 

 1.8t  0.6

When t = 3s,
a = 6m/s 2  

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QUESTIONS….
1. Some objects can be considered as particles provided motion of the body is
characterized by motion of its mass center and any rotation of the body can be
neglected. 
 True
 False

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2. If the acceleration is zero, the particle cannot move. 
 True
 False

3. Kinematics is concerned with the forces that cause the motion. 

 True
 False

4. A particles that is speeding up is decelerating

 True
 False

5. A particles that is slowing down is decelerating  

 True
 False 28
CALCULATING DISTANCE AND VELOCITY,
GRAPHICALLY
s t

 ds   vdt
s0 t0 The area under v(t) is the

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v
DISTANCE TRAVEL

t0 t t

v t

 dv   adt
v0 t0
a The area under a(t) is
the NET CHANGE IN VELOCITY

t0 t1 t
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RECTILINEAR MOTION AT CONSTANT
VELOCITY
s t

 ds   vdt

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s0 t0

s  s0  v (t  t0 )

s  s0 + v (t  t0 )

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VELOCITY AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION
v t

 dv   adt v  v 0  a  t  t0 

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v0 t0

v  v 0 + a  t  t0 

v s
1 2
 v dv   a ds 2
 
v  v0 2  a  s  s0 
v0 s0

v 2  v0 2 + 2a  s  s0 
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DISTANCE AT CONSTANT ACCELERATION
s t s t

 ds   vdt  ds   ( v 0 + a  t  t0  )dt

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s0 t0 s0 t0

t t
s  s0   v0 dt  a   t  t0  dt
t0 t0
t t t
  v0 dt  a  tdt  at0  dt
t0 t0 t0

1
 
s  s0  v0 (t  t0 )  a t 2  t0 2  at0  t  t0 
2
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 PRACTICAL SITUATION
0
Usually a particle start moving when v  v 0 + a  t  t0 
the time is set to 0 and the distance

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goes from 0 v  v0 + a  t 
0
v 2  v0 2 + 2a  s  s0 

v 2  v 0 2 + 2a  s 

at t and distance s
t0  0 and s0  0
0
1
 
0 0 0
s  s0  v0 (t  t0 )  a t  t0  at0  t  t0 
2 2

2
1
 
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s  v0 (t )  a t 2
2
PROBLEM 1
 A motorcycle start from rest and with constant acceleration
achieve a velocity of 20 m/s when it travel a distance of 250m.

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Determine the acceleration of the motorcycle and the time
required.

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PROBLEM 2
 Position of a particle is defined as s = 4t3 + 3t2 – 18t + 5,
where s in meter and t in second.

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 Determine velocity of particles when t = 2s.
 Find the acceleration of particles when t = 2s.
 Plot the graph of s-t, v-t and a-t for 0  t  5 s.

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EXAMPLE 2
A bicycle moves along a straight road such that it
position is described by the graph as shown. Construct
the v-t and a-t graphs for 0 ≤ t ≤ 30s.

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EXAMPLE 2

Solution:
v-t Graph. The v-t graph can be determined by

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differentiating the eqns defining the s-t graph

ds
0  t  10 s; s  0.3t 2
v  0.6t
dt
ds
10 s  t  30 s; s  6t  30 v 6
dt

The results are plotted. 37

EXAMPLE 2

We obtain specify values of v by measuring the slope of

the s-t graph at a given time instant.

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s 150  30
v   6m / s
t 30  10

a-t Graph. The a-t graph can be determined by

differentiating the eqns defining the lines of the v-t
graph.
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EXAMPLE 2

dv
0  t  10s; v  0.6t a   0.6

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dt
dv
10  t  30s; v  6 a 0
dt

The results are plotted.

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EXAMPLE 3
A test car starts from rest and travels along a straight
track such that it accelerates at a constant rate for 10 s
and then decelerates at a constant rate. Draw the v-t and
s-t graphs and determine the time t’ needed to stop the
car. How far has the car traveled?

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EXAMPLE 3

Solution:
v-t Graph. The v-t graph can be determined by integrating the straight-line
segments of the a-t graph. Using initial condition v = 0 when t = 0,

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v t
0  t  10s a  10; 0
dv   10 dt , v  10t
0

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EXAMPLE 3

When t = 10s, v = 100m/s, using this as initial condition for the next time
period, we have

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v t
10s  t  t ; a  2; 100
dv    2 dt , v  2t  120
10

When t = t’ we require v = 0. This yield t’ = 60 s

s-t Graph. Integrating the eqns of the v-t graph yields the corresponding
eqns of the s-t graph. Using the initial conditions s = 0 when t = 0,

s t
0  t  10s; v  10t ; 
0
ds   10t dt , s  5t 2
0
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EXAMPLE 3

When t = 10s, s = 500m. Using this initial condition,

 ds     2t  120 dt
s t

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10s  t  60s; v  2t  120;
500 10

s  t 2  120t  600
When t’ = 60s, the position is s = 3000m

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PROBLEM 3
The displacement of a mechanical component follows a
ruled path as a function of time. The function dis(t) = 2t3 –
24t + 6 meter.

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a. Derive the velocity and acceleration based on the
given displacement function dis(t).
b. Plot the displacement, velocity and acceleration
versus time for the first 4 seconds every 1 second.

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PROBLEM 4

Traveling with an initial speed of 70 km/h, a

motorcycle accelerates at 6000 km/h2 along a

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straight road.
• How long will it take to reach a speed of 120
km/h?
• Also, through what distance does the motorcycle
travel during this time?

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See U again in
….Lecture 3

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