DEVELOPMENTAL MILESTONE

OF ELECTROMAGNETISM
Who are the contributors in the
development of electromagnetism
and its relations to lights?
Before the wave-particles duality
of lights was accepted, light is
perceived as an electromagnetism
was composed of alternating
electric and magnetic field. In the
field of electromagnetism,
changing electric field generates a
changing magnetic field which
generates a changing electric field
again.
Various physicists have been
cited to recognize their
contribution to electromagnetism.
They are Benjamin Franklin,
Charles Coulomb, Hans Oerted,
Andre-Marie Ampere, Michael
Faraday, Biot and Savart, and
James Maxwell.
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790) was
first known to advance to concept of
electricity. He showed on his
experiment that lighting is an
electrical phenomenon and it can be
transferred and stored as electricity.
According to the myth, Franklin used
a kite and silk string with iron key at
its end.
He tied the key to thin metal wire
which was put into the Leyden jar to
store the electrical charges. He flew
the kite when the thunderstorm
approached his location. The negative
charges in the cloud passed to his
kite, next to wet silk string then to
metal key and finally into the Leyden
jar. This experiment led Franklin to
invent the lighting rod.
 Franklin also proposed the one
fluid theory of electricity which is
country to Du Fay`s previous ideas
about two electrical and magnetic
fluids. In this theory, he
hypothesized that the two types of
electricity (positive and negative
charges) were due to the deficiency or
excess of the single electrical fluid.
 Charles Augustus Coulomb (1736-
1806) also did an experiment on electrical
charges. His significant contribution is on
the charges` interaction with each other.
Using his torsion balance, he measured
the force of attraction or repulsion based
on how the wire was being in his twisted
in his device. Coulomb proposed that the
interaction of charges (attraction or
repulsion) follows an inverse square law.
In equation
 F=( insert equation)

Where F is the force of attraction (-) or

repulsion (+), k is constants with a
value of (insert equation) ,q is the
first charge, q is the second charge
and d is the separation distance
between the charges.
Inspired by the discovery of Oersted,
Andre-Marie Ampere (1775-1836)
carried out many experiments to
verify the relationship of electricity
and magnetism. He also investigated
the effect of electric current to
different types of conductors. One of
his greatest discoveries to the field of
electricity was the attraction of two
parallel wires carrying an electric
current.
In the same era, Hans Oersted (1777-
1851) discovered that the flow of
electrons can create magnetic fields.
The two quantities were thought to
be independent of each other before
Oersted. This discovered of the
relationship of electricity and
magnetic led to the field of
electromagnetism.
 Hans Oersted discovered this
relationship when he observed that a
compass needle redirected from magnetic
north once he switched on and off the
electric current of the battery. From this,
he hypothesized that a current –carrying
wire radiates magnetic field. However,
after doing extensive research, the
magnetic field from the current-carrying
wire was produced in a circular form and
not in an outward direction.
 He found out that the two wire will
attract each other if the currents flowing
in two parallel lines are in the same
direction, otherwise they will repel each
other. This phenomenon led to idea
named Ampere`s law. Ampere law stated
that the sum of the product of the
magnetic field parallel to the vector
length is equal to the product of the
current enclosed within the loop and
permeability. In equation,
 (insert equation)
Where B is the magnetic field in the
direction of the vector length Δ/ is the
length element (insert equation) is
permeability constant which has value
of (insert equation) and I is the current
in the wire . The above equation tells
us that the magnetic field circling the
electric current is proportional to the
said current which serves as its source.
He also utilized an instrument
composed of tree pivoting coil,
needle, and permanent magnet to
measure the electric current which
became the root of inventing the
galvanometer. As the current flows
through the coil, the coil turns and
the needle is deflected due to the
torque provided by the interaction of
current and magnetic field. The
amount of deflection is proportional
to the current applied in the coil.
Felix Savart (1791-1841) and Jean-Baptiste
Biot (1774-1862) also performed and
experiment in 1820 when they heard
about the discovery of Oersted. Biot and
Savart collaborated to have deep
explanation on the magnetic field
produced by the current-carrying wire.
They investigated current-carrying wire
using the oscillation of the magnetic
dipole. The findings were summarized
into Biot-Savart law.
Biot-Savart law states that the
magnetic field at any specific
point in space from one short
segment of current-carrying
conductor depends on the value
of current in the conductor and on
the length of the current-carrying
segment of the conductor under
consideration.
It also depends on the angle of a
line from the chosen point with
respect to the segment of current.
In addition, it has an inverse-
square relation to the distance of
the point to the segment of
current. In equation.
 B=(insert equation)
where B is the magnetic field
(insert equation) is the
permeability constant, I is the
distance from the point to line
element dI
 The Biot-Savart law differs from
Ampere`s law because the latter need
to take symmetry since it has to
consider a closed loop. The Biot-
Savart law on the other hands takes
the general form of relationship of
current and magnetic field because
this law is still valid even though the
flux of the electric field changes with
time.
Michael Faraday (1791-1867)
contributed the Faraday`s law of
electromagnetic induction which is
the basis principles in the operation
of motors, generators, transformers,
and inductors. It states that in a
closed circuit, the electromotive force
is equal to the rate of change in
magnetic flux with respect to the time
elapsed. In equation.
 EMF=-N (insert equation)
Where EMF is the electromotive
force or the induced voltage. N is the
number of turns ∆ is the change in
magnetic flux which is the product of
the magnetic field and the area, and
∆r is the change in time. In other
words, a changing magnetic field
produces current.
SCIENTIST OF THE TIME
Michael Faraday is an English
physicist and was born on September
22, 1791. he did not have formal
education in mathematics but gave
important contribution to science, he
stopped schooling at 13 years old to
work at bookshop where he was
promoted as bookbinder. At this
situation, he read books during his
free time.
 He received ticket to listen in
lectures by Sir Humphry Davy. In
1813, he started to work at the
Royal Institution of Britain where
he invented and discovered the
fundamentals of
electromagnetism.
He discovered electromagnetic rotation
(1821), gas liquefaction and refrigeration
(1823), discovery of benzene (1825),
electromagnetic induction (1831),
electrolysis (1834), Faraday cage (1836),
magnetic-optical effect (1845) which link
electromagnetism and light, and
diamagnetism (1845) as property of all
matter, He died on August 25, 1867 as
Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the
Royal Institution of Britain.
 James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)
summarized all the existing
knowledge of electromagnetism into
four differential equations. These
equations were utilized by Maxwell
in 1873 to calculate the speed of
propagation of electromagnetic
disturbances through space which
happen to be the speed of light and to
display the wavelike properties of
light propagation.
From these, it is believed that light is
an electromagnetic disturbance. The
four equations are called Maxwell`s
equations and have two variants-the
microscopic set is composed of
equations or vacuums and the
macroscopic set is composed of
equations in matter.
Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894) tested
Maxwell`s prediction using an LC
oscillator. An LC oscillator is used to
generate signals at a particular frequency.
It consist of inductor and capacitor
represented as L and C, respectively. He
believed that a current will be induced in
the loop that would produced sparks
manifested in the tiny gap inside the
oscillator if electromagnetic waves were
spreading from the oscillator sparks.
As Hertz turned on the oscillator, he
produced the first broadcast and reception
of electromagnetic he disturbance. He also
found some properties of this
electromagnetic wave being reflected and
focused by concave conducting reflectors
and can be passed through non conducting
materials. His development of the radio
wave transmitter became the basis for
developing our present technology of
signaling, communication, and broadcast
media.
Members:
Jassfer Sitchon
Hazel May Joy Dy
King Reo Francisco
Angelo Sernicula