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Binocular Space Perception

This document discusses binocular space perception and the key concepts involved, including: 1) Binocular vision allows us to perceive a single visual object from two separate retinal images, though this is a remarkable phenomenon that requires explanation. 2) Retinal elements localize visual stimuli in relative, not absolute, directions based on their position from the fovea. 3) Corresponding retinal elements between the two eyes allow for binocular single vision through sensory fusion of images. 4) Motor fusion involves eye movements to maintain fusion when retinal disparity occurs, while retinal rivalry results when dissimilar images prevent fusion.

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Khaled Raquib
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416 views20 pages

Binocular Space Perception

This document discusses binocular space perception and the key concepts involved, including: 1) Binocular vision allows us to perceive a single visual object from two separate retinal images, though this is a remarkable phenomenon that requires explanation. 2) Retinal elements localize visual stimuli in relative, not absolute, directions based on their position from the fovea. 3) Corresponding retinal elements between the two eyes allow for binocular single vision through sensory fusion of images. 4) Motor fusion involves eye movements to maintain fusion when retinal disparity occurs, while retinal rivalry results when dissimilar images prevent fusion.

Uploaded by

Khaled Raquib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Binocular Space Perception

Khaled Al Raquib
B.Sc. in Optometry & Vision Science
Institute of Community Ophthalmology
Faculty of Medicine, University of Chittagong
• If the eyes are properly aligned and if the object is
fixated binocularly, an image will be received on
matching areas of the two retinas.
• If the eyes are functioning normally and equally, the
two images will be the same in size, illuminance, and
color.
• In spite of the presence of the two separate physical
(retinal) images, only one visual object is perceived by
the observer.
• This phenomenon is so natural to us that the
observer is not surprised by it; he is surprised only if
he sees double.
• Single binocular vision from two distinct retinal
images is the truly remarkable phenomenon that
requires an explanation.
Relative Subjective Visual
Directions

• Whenever a retinal area is stimulated by light


entering the eye, the stimulus is perceived not only
as being of a certain brightness and color and of a
certain form but also as always being localized in a
certain direction in visual space.

• One cannot have a visual impression without seeing


it somewhere.
• If the stimulated retinal area is located to the left of the
fovea, it is seen in the right half of the field; if it is located
to the right of the fovea, it is seen in the left half of the
field.

• The direction in which a visual object is localized is


determined by the directional, or spatial, values of the
stimulated retinal elements.

• The directional values are intrinsic properties of the retinal


elements and are not caused by the location of the light
stimulus in external space or by some other properties of
the light stimulus
• Each retinal element, then, localizes the stimulus as a
visual percept in a specific direction, a visual
direction, but this direction is not absolute.
• It is relative to the visual direction of the fovea.

• The fovea, the area of highest visual acuity, is also


the carrier of the principal visual direction and the
center to which the secondary visual directions of all
other retinal elements relate.
• FIGURE 2–1. Relative lines of direction.
• A, Eye in straight-ahead position. F, principal line of direction; N
and P, secondary lines of direction. B, Eye turned to right.
• The sheath of lines of directions shifts with the position of the
eyes, but F remains the principal line of direction and N and P
remain the secondary lines of direction.
Retinomotor Values
• The appearance of an object in the periphery of the visual
field attracts attention, and the eye is turned toward the
object so that it may be imaged on the fovea.
• The resulting eye movement, also called a saccade, is
extraordinarily precise.

• This function of the retinal elements which initiates the ocular


movement to place the image on the photoreceptor may be
characterized by saying that they have a retinomotor value.
• This retinomotor value of the retinal elements increases from
the center toward the periphery.
• The retinomotor value of the fovea itself is zero.
Retinal Correspondence
• Corresponding retinal elements are those elements of the
two retinas that give rise in binocular vision to the localization
of sensations in one and the same subjective visual direction.

• Corresponding retinal elements arranged in horizontal and


vertical rows provide the subjective vertical and horizontal
meridians.

• The existence of corresponding retinal elements with their


common relative subjective visual directions is the essence of
binocular vision.
Sensory Fusion
• Sensory correspondence explains binocular single vision
or sensory fusion.
• The term is defined as the unification of visual
excitations from corresponding retinal images into a
single visual percept, a single visual image.

• An object localized in one and the same visual direction


by stimulation of the two retinas can only appear as
one.
• An individual cannot see double with corresponding
retinal elements.
• Single vision is the hallmark of retinal correspondence.
• Put otherwise, the stimulus to sensory fusion is the
excitation of corresponding retinal elements.
• Fusion, whether sensory or motor, is always a central
process (i.e., it takes place in the visual centers of the
brain).
• For sensory fusion to occur, the images not only must be
located on corresponding retinal areas but also must be
sufficiently similar in size, brightness, and sharpness.

• Unequal images are a severe sensory obstacle to fusion.

• The simultaneous stimulation of noncorresponding or


disparate retinal elements by an object point causes this
point to be localized in two different subjective visual
directions.

• An object point seen simultaneously in two directions


appears double or in diplopia.
• Anyone with two normal eyes can readily be convinced
of this fact by fixating binocularly an object point and
then displacing one eye slightly by pressure from a
finger.

• The object point, which appeared single before


pressure was applied to the globe, is now seen in
diplopia because it is no longer imaged on
corresponding retinal areas.
Motor Fusion
• The term motor fusion refers to the ability to align the
eyes in such a manner that sensory fusion can be
maintained.

• The stimulus for these fusional eye movements is retinal


disparity outside Panum’s area and the two eyes are
moving in opposite directions.

• Unlike sensory fusion, which occurs between


corresponding retinal elements in the fovea and the
retinal periphery, motor fusion is the exclusive function of
the extrafoveal retinal periphery.
Retinal Rivalry
• When dissimilar contours are presented to
corresponding retinal areas, fusion becomes
impossible.
• Instead, retinal rivalry may be observed.
• This phenomenon is also termed as binocular rivalry.
• FIGURE 2–5. Rivalry pattern. A, Pattern seen by the left
eye. B, Pattern seen by the right eye. C, Binocular
impression.
• Location of an object point in physical (objective)
space is separated from its localization in visual
(subjective) space.

• The (objective) lines of direction determine which


retinal area will be stimulated; their (subjective)
counterpart, the visual directions, determine the
direction in which the object will be seen in visual
space.
The Horopter
• Locus of all points in object space which are imaged
on the corresponding retinal points/elements

• Object points lying on the horopter are seen singly,


whereas points off the horopter are seen double.
• Is it??
Stereopsis
• Stereopsis is defined as the relative ordering of visual
objects in depth, that is, in the third dimension.

• It can be defined as the perception of space in three


dimensions solely through the slight difference
between the right and the left retinal images.
• FIGURE 2–14. A solid object placed in the midline of the head creates
slightly different or disparate retinal images, the fusion of which results
in a three-dimensional sensation. The lowercase letters of the retinal
image correspond to the uppercase letters of the object.

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