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Fossil Fuel: " The Fuels of The Past & The Fuels For The Future "

Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Coal forms over millions of years from peat to lignite to bituminous coal to anthracite. It is a major source of electricity generation but supplies are limited. Oil and natural gas were formed from marine organisms and are extracted through drilling offshore and on land. While fossil fuels are currently abundant, they are non-renewable and their combustion causes air and water pollution. There is a need to transition toward more sustainable renewable energy sources as fossil fuel reserves dwindle over time.

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138 views39 pages

Fossil Fuel: " The Fuels of The Past & The Fuels For The Future "

Fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas were formed from the remains of ancient plants and animals. Coal forms over millions of years from peat to lignite to bituminous coal to anthracite. It is a major source of electricity generation but supplies are limited. Oil and natural gas were formed from marine organisms and are extracted through drilling offshore and on land. While fossil fuels are currently abundant, they are non-renewable and their combustion causes air and water pollution. There is a need to transition toward more sustainable renewable energy sources as fossil fuel reserves dwindle over time.

Uploaded by

thomas
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Fossil Fuel

“ the fuels of the past


&
the fuels for the future ”
Introduction
A s th e  w o rld is b e co m in g m o re a d va n ce d
in te ch n o lo g y , m o re e n e rg y is b e in g u se d
to ke e p up w ith th e ch a n g in g
re q u ire m e n ts.
 There are many sources of energy in our world.
 We can get energy from the sun, from wind,
from falling water etc...
 We can also get energy from materials that
contain stored energy.
 We call these materials fuels. One of our most
important sources of energy today is fossil fuels.

What is nonrenewable
energy?

They are energy sources that are


used up faster than natural


processes can replace them.

Fossil fuel is a non renewable energy


resource.
Fossil Fuels
 There are three main types of fossil fuels, coal, oil and natural gas. After food,
fossil fuel is humanity's most important source of energy. Coal is used mainly
to produce electricity. It provides light, motive power from electric motors and
many electronic devices. Oil provides mobility for vehicles like cars, planes,
trains etc... Natural gas is a fossil fuel made up of hydrocarbons. its major
constituents are methane and ethane.

 They are called "fossil fuels" because they have been formed from the
fossilised remains of prehistoric plants and animals.


Nonrenewable Energy
Resources
 A concern is that the fossil fuels are
being used up at an increasing rate,
and that they will soon run out. If
these fossil fuels were to run out
now there would not be a suitable
replacement for them that is equally
as efficient at producing the same
amount of energy.


Fossil fuel

co a l o il N a tu ra lg a s
peat

lig n ite

b itu m in o u s

a n th ra cite
 1. COAL
Coal is the largest conventional fossil fuel. It
is a combustiable organic rock that is
composed of carbon oxygen and hydrogen.
After burning it gives enormous heat which
is used to generate power. It is also used in
manufacturing of steel , fertilizers,
medicines, pesticides etc…If the
consumption of coal continues at its
current rate, it is estimated that the
current coal supply will last for 250
years.


coal was formed in the carboniferous
period (360 million to 290 million years
ago)when plants died , decomposed and
remained buried in the earth crust.
Continuous heat and weight converted
this matter into coal . This layer of coal
are called seams. it is rich in
hydrocarbons and also it is called fossil
fuels.
Stages of coal formation
 Formation of coal takes place
in stages, In every stage coal is
assigned a separate name.
features of all stages are also
different .
1.1 Peat
 Before plant material is converted to coal ,
it forms dark brown organic matter which is
called peat. This matter has low carbon
content and high moisture content, but the
coal derives its heating power from
carbon ,peat is the beginning of formation of
coal. If peat is dried fully it can also burn but
it with very low heat. Therefore it is not an
efficient fuel source.
1.2 Lignite
 With time more layers are accumulated
over peat . As the burden goes on
thickening, the moisture is driven out and
carbon content start increasing .this matter
is called lignite.
1.3 Bituminous
 With time, carbon content goes on
increasing in lignite, and coal is formed. This
coal is soft coal and its named as
bituminous.
1.4 Anthracite
 Its the last stage of coal formation. The
process of increasing carbon content in
bituminous coal result in the formation of
anthracite. Its is the hardest coal with
maximum carbon content. It has more than
80% carbon content,9% ash and 4% volatile
matter. It gives enormous heat and release
with less amount of smoke. Its heat value is
twice to lignite.
Uses of coal

Use to generate power- when coal is burnt it


generate heat and that heat is used to
convert water into electricity. Steam is
pressurized to rotate the turbine thus
electricity is produced
Used in steel industry- coal is first heated it
into coke. The coke is almost pure carbon.
A mixture is made of iron ore coke and
lime stone which is heated to make iron
How do you get fossil fuels?
They are removed from the ground through
mining or pumping.
Strip mining or open-pit
mining
The upper layers of rock and soil are
removed to expose coal.
It is used when coal deposits are near the
surface.

Underground Coal Mining
Tunneling
Drift mines (making a horizontal opening in
the side of a hill or mountain)
Slope mines (making an angled opening and
air shaft in the side of a mountain)

2. oil
Petroleum or crude oil are naturally
occurring liquid composed of organic
chemicals. It is found in large quantity
below the surface of the earth. The
dependence of human population on
petroleum and its product is increasing day
by day. Increasing population pressure has
led to enormous demand for this fuel.
The chemical composition of petroleum is
basically hydrocarbons, however ,some
amount of sulphur and oxygen is also
present.
FORMATION

Formation of petroleum is associated with the


remains of the marine organisms. The
remains of this organisms settle up in the
ocean floor and get mixed with the silt and
fine sands deposited there.
The deposited material slowly become thicker

and sinks down under its own weight.


Further deposition puts more pressure on
under lying strata. While sinking down the
pressure and temperature go on increasing
several hundred centigrade. The silt and fine
sand hardens to form shale and sand stone.
the skeleton shell hardens to form lime
stone. The remains of the dead organism
transforms into crude oil and natural gas.
Offshore drilling
 Increasing population pressure required
enhanced oil production. After the discovery
of the oil wells on land, next area to be
explored was ocean floor. many such areas
were marked and drilling was started by
installing oil rig. Oil rig rests on a platform
and the legs are planted in the ocean floor
several hundred meters below the sea level.
It fixes the platform so that storms and wind
cannot bring any damage to it. Successful
bores have been drilled upto depth of 6.4
km in the ocean floor.
Refinery
After the production crude oil is refined with
chemical and heat. Water solids and natural
gas is separate and the oil is stored in tank
for use. Wide range of constituents of crude
oil are separated in a sequential order.
Gasoline or petrol is the first to be
separated out followed by aircraft fuel,
diesel,kerosine, lubricants, greases….
Places where crude oil is refined is called oil

refinery.
Refining Crude Oil
Commercial Energy Use by
Source for the World and the
United States
What Are the Advantages and
Disadvantages of Oil?
Conventional oil is currently abundant, has a
high net energy yield, and is relatively
inexpensive, but using it causes air and
water pollution and releases greenhouse
gases to the atmosphere.


Heavy oils from oil sand and oil shale exist in
potentially large supplies but have low net
energy yields and higher environmental
impacts than conventional oil has
World oil reserves - 2009
Possible effects of rising oil
prices
Reduce energy waste
Shift to non-carbon energy sources
Higher prices for products made with
petrochemicals
Higher food prices; buy locally-produced
food
Smaller ,more fuel-efficient vehicles
Upgrade of public transportation

Air Pollution from a Coal-Burning
Industrial Plant in India
3. NATURAL
GAS
 Natural gas is a fossil fuel made up of
hydrocarbons. Its major constituents are
methane(85%) and ethane(10%). Its major
impurities are nitrogen ,carbon dioxide and
hydrogen sulphide which are removed
during the time of refining.

 Natural gas is considered as an environmental


friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide
emissions and therefore it is the fuel for the
present century and has high potential.
Large reserves of natural gas has been
discovered in the Krishna Godavari basin.
Along the west coast the reserves of the
Mumbai high .Andaman and nicobar islands
are also important areas having large
reserves of natural gas.
Power industry and house holds are the key

users of natural gas. Use of compressed


natural gas for vehicles to replace liquid fuel
is gaining wide popularity in the country.
Gas reserves from 1988 to
2008
World gas production
Pricing of gas / economics
 The price is based on
Øcalorific value of gas
Ølocal demand
Øsupply
Øcost of alternate liquid fuels

 Cost of natural gas has increased over 200%


in the past 2 decades.
What we can do?

At the current rate of consumption the coal


reserve will last for only another two
centuries. But the rate of exploitation is
increasing sharply. Therefore we should
depend on the alternatives like
Solar energy
Wind energy
Tidal energy
In short depend on renewable energy

 “ The path to the future is


neither as rosy as some people hope
nor as thorny as others fear , but
depends on how effectively we pick
out the weeds and nurture the bush
as we walk ”
THANK YOU

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