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Phrases and Clauses

This document defines various grammatical terms including clauses, phrases, appositives, and parts of speech. It states that clauses contain a subject and verb that agree, while phrases do not. It provides examples and definitions of noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and appositive phrases. It also distinguishes between independent clauses, dependent clauses, and different types of conjunctions that can join clauses.

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1K views16 pages

Phrases and Clauses

This document defines various grammatical terms including clauses, phrases, appositives, and parts of speech. It states that clauses contain a subject and verb that agree, while phrases do not. It provides examples and definitions of noun phrases, verb phrases, prepositional phrases, and appositive phrases. It also distinguishes between independent clauses, dependent clauses, and different types of conjunctions that can join clauses.

Uploaded by

Jyothi Gadde
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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C.

Putnam
L. Raney
 Clause – a group of words that have a subject
and a verb that must always agree

 Phrase – a noun, verb, or preposition with all


its modifiers
- does NOT have a subject and verb which agree
 Noun phrases
 Verb phrases
 Prepositional phrases
 Appositive phrases
Definition:
-A noun with all its modifiers
-A complete subject is always classified
as a noun phrase.

Example:
The frustrated, irritated teachers...
 Noun: teachers

 Modifiers:
 the, frustrated, irritated
Defined as a verb with all of its modifiers
EXAMPLE:
…completely frightened the seventh grade students.
Verb - frightened
Modifier - completely
EXAMPLE:
…would like to improve her grammar skills.
Verb phrase - would like to improve
 Gerunds
– verbs that end in “ing” but DO NOT function as a verb
- function as nouns
- example: One teacher enjoys frightening new seventh
graders. (noun as a direct object)
 Infinitives
- verbs that begin with “to”
- function as a nouns, adjectives, or adverbs
- example: The language arts classroom is a place
students do not want to enter.
 Participles
- verbs that function as an adjective
- example: The screeching teacher frightened
the students.
 Defined as the preposition,
the object of the preposition (preposition who or what),
and all its modifiers

 Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers enrolled


in Mr. Ruff’s “ Grammar for Dummies” class.
preposition - in
object of the preposition - class
modifiers – Mr. Ruff’s, “Grammar for Dummies”
 Definition:
A noun phrase that renames the noun it
follows.

 Also known as a parenthetical phrase

 Example:
 Brad Ruff, the grammar guru, empowers teachers.

Appositive phrase?
- the grammar guru
 Definition:
Words that contain a subject and a verb
which must always agree.

Two types of clauses:


 Independent Clause
 Dependent Clause
An independent clause MUST HAVE a subject and
a verb which agree.
Example:
The frustrated, irritated teachers finally
understood the basic grammar concepts.

 All the words in an independent clause can act


alone as a sentence.

 They are a complete thought.


 The subject and verb agree, but the words CANNOT
stand alone as a complete sentence.
 also known as subordinate clause or relative clause
 Examples:
 since the teachers seek proficiency in grammar
 which sheltered the children from the storm
 Clauses can be joined with:

1. Coordinating conjunctions (join two independent clauses)


- AKA “FANBOYS” for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so

2. Subordinating conjunctions (join dependent clause to independent clause)


Some examples:
- if, since, because, with, when, whether, while

3. Relative Pronouns
- who, whose, whom, which, that
- NOTE: If a relative pronoun is used to begin a dependent clause,
that pronoun also has a function within the dependent clause. It
will also have an antecedent in the independent clause.
 coordinating conjunction:
- The busses lumbered along the boulevard, and the children
eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland.

subordinating conjunction:
- The busses lumbered along the boulevard while the children
eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland.

Relative pronoun:
- The busses, which were slowly lumbering along the
boulevard, were filled with eager children looking for their
first sight of Disneyland.
 WHO OR WHOM?
 WHO – used as the subject of a clause
 WHOM – used as an object
 Direct object
 Indirect objects
 Object of a preposition

 Example:
Because the wind violently sliced through the
branches, the toddler, who/whom was
terrified, joined its howling.
- antecedent?
- function in the clause?
 While the frustrated teachers were
industriously taking notes, they relaxed,
and the light bulbs went off in their brains,
which indicated miraculous understanding
of the grammar concepts.
# of # of
Independent Clauses Dependent Clauses

Type of Sentence
-Simple Sentence 1 0
-Compound Sentence 2+ 0
- Complex Sentence 1 1+
-Compound/Complex 2+ 1+
Sentence

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