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Deterioration

This document summarizes the major causes of chemical deterioration of concrete, including sulphate attack, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), and corrosion of reinforcing steel. Sulphate attack occurs when sulphate ions react with products of hydrated cement, eventually causing cracking. ASR is caused by a reaction between siliceous aggregates and alkalis, forming an expansive gel. Corrosion of steel is initiated when the protective alkaline environment of concrete is compromised by carbonation or chlorides. The document discusses mechanisms, factors affecting severity, identification, and methods to minimize each type of chemical deterioration.

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488 views18 pages

Deterioration

This document summarizes the major causes of chemical deterioration of concrete, including sulphate attack, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), and corrosion of reinforcing steel. Sulphate attack occurs when sulphate ions react with products of hydrated cement, eventually causing cracking. ASR is caused by a reaction between siliceous aggregates and alkalis, forming an expansive gel. Corrosion of steel is initiated when the protective alkaline environment of concrete is compromised by carbonation or chlorides. The document discusses mechanisms, factors affecting severity, identification, and methods to minimize each type of chemical deterioration.

Uploaded by

vishalgore
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHEMICAL DETERIORATION OF

CONCRETE

G.V Prasad
I M.Tech(Structural Engineering)
NITK, Surathkal.
INTRODUCTION
RCC - Large variety of structures
Potential threat

Concrete, heterogeneous material –environmental


dependence
Durable concrete, need of the day
Chemical attack
Major Phenomena

•Sulphate Attack

•Alkali Silica Reaction

•Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel


Sulphate attack by aqueous solutions

Rate and degree of attack-


• available sulphate
• presence of water
• composition of the cement
• characteristics of concrete

Gradual loss of strength

The severest attack occurs where one side is exposed


to sulphate solutions and evaporation can take place on
the other, e.g..Retaining walls
Occurrence of available salts
• Frequently in soils and ground waters
• Surface deposits –sodium sulphates ,magnesium sulphates
and calcium sulphates
• Marshy grounds ,sewage

Sea water attack


• Very high concentration
• Much concrete in sea water is partly immersed
• Problem gets complicated –frost action, erosion, abrasion
Corrosion
Mechanism of the reaction
•Chemical reaction - sulphate ion and hydrated calcium
aluminates and /or the calcium hydroxide components
•Products – ettringite and gypsum
•Development of stresses
•Magnesium sulphate is more aggressive than sodium sulphate
and it operates in separate reaction that can be destructive
•This possible second reaction may account for cases of
deterioration
Significance of sulphate concentrations

1. Negligible attack upto 150mm sulphate in groundwaters


or up to 0.1percent sulphate in soil

2. Mild but positive where the corresponding values are 150


to 1000 ppm and 0.1 to 0.2 percent

3.Considerable attack at 1000 –2000ppm and 0.2 to 0.5


percent
4.severe over 2000 ppm and over 0.50 percent
• Salt concentrations may vary seasonally with amount of
rainfall and fluctuations in water table

• Concrete elements partly immersed – severe attack ,even


when sulphate contents of test samples are relatively low

• Concrete elements completely immersed – the degree of


severity may be somewhat less than that predicted by
concentration criteria

• Exposed surface – relatively low drying environment , attack


may be slower than that would be predicted by concentration
ALKALI AGGREGATE REACTION
-During this process, expansive componds form – over
long periods of time
-Expansion –fissures,intensify the action by weathering
and freeze thaw cycles

ASR development
-aggregate and cement type
-Water cement ratio
-moisture condition of the concrete while in
service
Reaction – siliceous minerals in aggregates and OH- ions in
the Cement paste

Alkalies ( from cement , mixing water ,environment)


increase OH- ion concentration in the concrete

Gel – expands ,generating pressures – cracking

Damage – invisible to the naked eye for years


Identification
Minimization of the Effects of ASR

Use of low alkali cements

Use of supplementary siliceous materials


- Blended cements –fly ash,natural pozzolans,calcined
clay , silica fume ,slag
- lithium admixtures
CORROSION OF STEEL IN CONCRETE

Ca(OH)2 –pH 13 ,prevents the corrosion –forms


a thin protective film of iron oxide

Passive iron oxide layer – destroyed - ph 11


and carbonation lowers pH about 9

Corrosion – expansion, cracking and eventually


Spalling of the cover
Mechanism involved in Concrete deterioration by Corrosion
of Embedded Steel

- Electro-chemical action ,when two dissimilar metals


are in electrical contact in the presence of moisture
and oxygen

- The process takes place in steel alone, because of


differences in electro chemical potential on the
surface
Control of Corrosion

-permeability of concrete
-low water cement ratio
-adequate cement
-aggregate size and grading
-use of admixtures
-reinforcing bar coatings and cathodic protection
CONCLUSIONS

•It is important for the assessment of any cause of


concrete deterioration to be dependable.
• It should not be based on assumptions drawn from
inconclusive evidence, as the performance of
materials in new construction, the reliability of tests
and the approach to the mitigation of the effects on
structures will all be based upon the diagnosis
reached.
•Controlling the risk of concrete deterioration by
chemical attack may be achieved in number of
ways i.e. by limiting the content of reactive alkalies,
reduce water cement ratio and permeability,use of
admixtures, reducing chloride content.
REFERENCES

Dayaratnam, P., and Ramana Rao, N.V., (1997), International


Conference on Maintenance of Concrete Structures, JNTU, Hyderabad.
 
Mehta, P.K., and Paulo Monteiro, J.M., (1997), Concrete Micro
Structure Properties and Materials, Indian Edition, Indian Concrete
Institute, Chennai, pp.165-167.
 
Neville, A.M., and Brooks, J.J., (1999), Concrete Technology,
International Student Edition, Addison Wesley Longman, Inc., Harlow,
U.K., pp. 275-276.

Rachel Detwiler, Guest Lecture on Alkali Silica Reaction at LMCC,


2003

Swenson, E.G., (1971), an Article on Concrete in Sulphate


Environments, CBD-136,
Thank U

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