LESSON 4 LESSON 4

Definition
This pattern explains the information through the use of
illustrations, examples, and descriptions. It may also include one
or more patterns.

You can also use a spider map to better understand the pattern.

Signal Words for Definition

Is defined as Means To define
As defined Refers to To illustrate
 Exemplification
An exemplification pattern presents the general statement and
then provides specific and concrete examples to expound on
the main idea. Simply put, this pattern is used to provide an
example of something.

You can also use a spider map to better understand the pattern.

Signal Words for Exemplification

After all For instance Namely That is
As an example In other words Put another way To be specific
Consider the following In particular Specifically To clarify
For example In short Stated differently To illustrate
 Description (Sensory and
Spatial)
A descriptive pattern basically provides details on the idea by
using either a sensory or spatial pattern. Through a sensory
pattern, ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five
senses. A spatial pattern, on the other hand, arranges ideas by
location or physical space. Concept map can be used.
Signal Words for Description (Sensory and Spatial)
Above Around Between In front of Onto
Across Away from Beyond Beyond Opposite to
Adjacent to Back of By By Outside
Against Behind Down Down Over
Along Below Farther Farther Throughout
Alongside Beneath Here Here To the right
amidst beside in in under
Comparison-Contrast
A comparison-and-contrast pattern organizes ideas based on how
events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or
different from one another. There are two ways on how ideas can
be arranged: separately, which involves describing one item first
followed by the second item; or side-by-side, which means
discussing both items based on each point of comparison.

Most important parts

-purpose of comparison
-points of comparison
-actual similarities and differences of the items being compared
 Signal Words for Comparison
Also Equally In the same way Similarly
At In a similar Like To compare
both fashion likewise
In comparison

Signal Words for Contrasting

Although Despite Instead Otherwise
And yet Even so However Still
As opposed to Even though Nevertheless The fact remains
But In contrast Nonetheless Unlike
Conversely In spite of On the contrary Whereas
Counter to In the meantime On the other hand yet
Classification
and Division
A classification pattern organizes ideas into
categories or divisions based on criteria and
standards. This pattern can be used when
classifying people, objects, events, things, places,
and other items.
Make sure to always double check whether each
term is undeniably part of a certain category. Avoid
oversimplifying just so you may be able to assign
something to a category, as it may result in
stereotyping.
 Important parts of this
pattern:
- Superordinate (name of the larger group) ideas
- Subordinate (subcategories of a larger group) ideas
And the relationship between them

You can also use a network tree to better understand

the pattern:

Signal Words for Classification and Division

another classified as one kind the last group

another kind final type the first category the next part
 Cause and Effect
A cause-and-effect pattern organizes detail based on
the cause, the reason, and the result or
consequences of a certain phenomenon. This
pattern may discuss both the cause and effect, the
causes only, or the effects only.

Fishbone map and other graphic organizers that

can be used are as follows:
Single Cause, Multiple Effects Single Effect, Multiple Causes
Effect Cause
Cause Effect Effect Cause
Effect Cause
Multiple Causes, Multiple Effects Alternating Causes/ Effects in a chain
Cause Effect (Domino Effect)
Cause
Cause Effect Effect
Cause Cause
Effect Effect
 When reading this type of pattern, focus on and take note
of the following elements: the purpose of the text, the
relationship between causes and effects, and the potential
causal fallacies or illogical argument. The following signal
words will help you in organizing these patterns.
Signal Words for Causes
as for in view of (the fact) owing to (the fact)
because (of the fact) for the reason that in as much as seeing that
being that In that one reason since
due to (the fact that)

Signal Words for Effects

Accordingly Consequently In consequence So that
As a consequence For this reason So Therefore
As a result (of this) hence So much (so) that thus
Because (of this)
 Problem-Solution
A problem-solution pattern organizes ideas into problems and
proposed solutions. The problem section usually includes the
what, who, when, where, why, and how of the problem. The other
part then presents the major effects of the problem and the
possible solutions to address it, as well as the steps in
implementing the solution. A problem-solution map can be used.

Signal Words for Problem-Solution

But Nonetheless One solution is The problem
First, second One reason for the One way is The solution
 Persuasion
A persuasion pattern organizes ideas to show how a set
of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument.
Specifically, this pattern presents the issue, the position,
and the supporting evidence that supports the position.

A persuasion map can be used.

Signal Words for Emphasizing a Point

Again In that case To emphasize Truly
For this reason indeed To repeat With this in mind
In fact
 Signal Words for Concluding and Summarizing
Accordingly Consequently In brief Inevitably In a nutshell
All in all Due to In conclusion On the whole Therefore
As a result Finally In short Since Thus
As I have read In any event In summary essence To sum up

Signal Words for Conceding a Point

Admittedly It is true that Obviously True
Assuredly Needless to say Of course Undoubtedly
Certainly No doubt To be sure unquestionably
granted