The ISO - OSI Model

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 Why ?

To allow different types of network hardware and

software to communicate with each other

Avoidable duplication of equipment resources

Inability to communicate efficiently

To breaks network communication into smaller, simpler parts that

are easy to develop

To facilitates standardization of network components to allow

multiple – vendor development and support

Krishna Kumar Bohra (KKB), MCA LMCST

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 Introduction
ISO Organization and
OSI Model

Established in 1947
Note
ISO International Standard Organization

Multinational body dedicated to worldwide agreement

Standard of international level

Covers all aspects of network communications

It is Open System Interconnection MODEL

Allow two different Machines to connect without change in

hardware and software

It is model for understanding and designing a network architecture

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 The Model

Layered framework

Designed for communication across all

types of computer system

7 separate but related layer

Each defines segment of process of

moving information across network
Creation of Layers

Developers / Designers distilled the process of

transmitting data to its most fundamental
element

Related networking functions and its

functionality are collected and discrete group
; became layer

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Layered Architecture

Message from Device A

to Device B

Travels several
intermediate Nodes

These intermediate nodes

involve only the first 3
layer

Please
Do
Not
Touch
Steve’s
Pet
Alligator
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 Related required concepts

Data of L7
layer passed to
layer 6
Data of L6
layer passed to
layer

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 Related required concepts …

1 Peer to Peer Process

Layer 2 provides services to Layer 3 (talking about Single Machine)

Layer x provides services to Layer x (talking about In Between Machine)

Communication between them governed by agreed upon series of rules - “Protocol”

The process on each machine that communicates at given layer – “Peer to Peer Process”

Only Physical layer (direct communication)

1. Sending bit stream form Machine A to Machine B

2. Data from Higher to move down

3. Sending machine adds its own info part to message

4. Added info are called ‘Header’(beginning of message)

(Layers added Header 6,5,4,3,2)

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 Related required concepts …

5. Added info are called ‘Trailer’(end of message)

(Layers added Trailer 2)

Every layer transform message for next layer

At receiving end the message is unwrapped (It is for every layer)

Interfaces between layers

All receiving and sending of information and network information

(between layers) only possible by interface ; between pairs of Layers.

It defines what information, services a layer must provide to layer

above it; process modulation.

Krishna Kumar Bohra (KKB), MCA LMCST

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 Related required concepts …

Organization of layers

Three subgroups

1 Layer (1,2,3) [Network Support Layer]

Deals with physical aspect of data from 1 device to other device
a. Electric Specification b. Physical Connection
c. Physical Address d. Transport timing

2 Layer (5,6,7) [User Support Layer]

Interoperability among unread software system

3 Layer (4)
End to End reliability of data transmission (Layer4)
Reliable transmission of link (Layer 3)

The process of putting Header and Trailer goes on Layer by Layer (except
Layer 7 and Layer 1), Layer 2 both have Header and Trailer.
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 Related required concepts …

User
Software support
layer

Link
Software between
+
Hardware N/W
support
layer
Hardware

Physical Layer > Changed info Electromagnetic signal > Physical Link > L1 >
(transformed info into bits > than Layer by Layer Corresponding Header and Trailer
removed. 10
 Physical and Data Link Layer

1. Coordinates function required to

transmit a bit stream over physical
medium.
Physical Layer

2. Defines procedure and functions.

• Physical characteristics of interfaces and

medium.
• Representation of bits.
• Physical topology.
• Line configuration.
• Data rate.
• Synchronization of bits.
• Transmission mode.

1 Raw transmission from physical layer to

reliably link(node to node delivery).
Data Link Layer

2. Make physical layer error free.

• Framing.
• Physical addressing.
• Flow control.
• Error control.
• Access control. Krishna Kumar Bohra (KKB), MCA LMCST
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 Network and Transport Layer
1. Source to destination delivery of
entire message across multiple
network.
Network Layer

• Logical addressing.
• Routing.
Transport Layer

• Service-point addressing.
• Segmentation and reassembly.
• Connection control.
• Flow control.
• Error control.
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 Session and Presentation Layer

1. It is a network Dialog Controller.

2. It establishes, maintains and
synchronizes the interaction between
Session Layer

communicating system
.

• Dialog control.
• Synchronization.

1. Concerned with syntax and semantics of

Presentation Layer

the information exchanged between two

system.

• Translation.
• Encryption.
• Compression.

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 Application Layer and Summary

1. Enable user, (human or software) to

access the network.
2. Provides user interface and support
Application Layer

for services (email, Remote file access,

shared database management system).

• Network virtual terminal.

• File transfer, access, and management.
• Mail services.
• Directory services.

Krishna Kumar Bohra (KKB), MCA LMCST

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 Conclusion

1. The International Standards Organization created a model called the Open Systems Interconnection,
which allows diverse systems to communicate.
2. The seven-layer OSI model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible
networking protocols.
3. The physical layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical medium.
4. The data link layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without errors.
5. The network layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple
network links.
6. The transport layer is responsible for the process-to-process delivery of the entire message.
7. The session layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between communicating
devices.
8. The presentation layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through
transformation of data into a mutually agreed upon format.
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 Reference

1. Data Communications and Networking - Behrouz A. Forouzan

2. OSI model - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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