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Control of Microorganisms by Chemotherapeutic Agents

Chemotherapeutic agents are used to treat infectious diseases by destroying or inhibiting the growth of pathogens while minimizing harm to the host. They include antibiotics produced by microorganisms, as well as synthetic and semisynthetic drugs. These agents can have narrow or broad spectra of effectiveness and act by inhibiting processes like cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid synthesis. Common classes include antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antiviral drugs.

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ANKITA DOGRA
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376 views10 pages

Control of Microorganisms by Chemotherapeutic Agents

Chemotherapeutic agents are used to treat infectious diseases by destroying or inhibiting the growth of pathogens while minimizing harm to the host. They include antibiotics produced by microorganisms, as well as synthetic and semisynthetic drugs. These agents can have narrow or broad spectra of effectiveness and act by inhibiting processes like cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, or nucleic acid synthesis. Common classes include antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and antiviral drugs.

Uploaded by

ANKITA DOGRA
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CONTROL OF

MICROORGANISMS
BY
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
AGENTS PRESENTED
BY:-ankita dogra
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
AGENTS
Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious
disease destroy pathogenic microorganisms or inhibit
their growth at concentrations low enough to avoid
undesirable damage to the host. They are the
chemicals that can be used to treat internally to kill or
inhibit the growth of microbes within host tissues.
Most of the agents are antibiotics, microbial products
or their derivatives that can kill susceptible
microorganisms or inhibit their growth.
GENERAL
CHARACTERISTICS
To be successful a chemotherapeutic agents must have a
selective toxicity: it must inhibit or kill the microbial pathogen
while damaging the host as little as possible.
The degree of selectivity toxicity may be expressed in terms of:
1. The therapeutic dose, the drug level required for clinical
treatment of a particular infection, and
2. The toxic dose, the drug level at which the agent becomes
too toxic for the host.
Therapeutic index: ratio of the toxic dose to the therapeutic
dose.
TYPES OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC
AGENTS
NATURAL SEMISYNTHETIC
SYNTHETIC
Some fungi and Natural
Manufactured by
bacteria are able antibiotics that
chemical
to naturally have been
procedures
produce many of structurally
independent of
the commonly modified by the
the microbial
employed addition of
activity.
antibiotics. chemical groups.
1. NATURAL CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENT:
MICROORGANISM ANTIBIOTIC

Bacteria
Streptomyces spp. Amphotericin B
Neomycin
Streptomycin
Micromonospora spp. Gentamicin
Bacillus spp. Bacitracin
Fungi

Penicillium spp. Penicillin

2. SYNTHETIC AGENTS: Ciprofloxacin, dapsone, trimethoprin,


sulfonamides etc.
3. SEMISYNTHETIC AGENTS: Ampicillin, carbenicillin, thicillin.
DRUGS VARY CONSIDERABLY IN THEIR
RANGE OF EFFECTIVENESS
NARROW SPECTRUM DRUGS BROAD SPECTRUM DRUGS
Effective only against a limited attack many different kinds of
variety of pathogens. Pathogens.
Drugs may also be classified based on the general microbial
group they act against: antibacterial, antifungal,
antiprotozoan and antiviral.
Chemotherapeutic agents can be either cidal or static.
Static agents reversibly inhibit growth: if the agent is removed,
the microorganisms will recover and grow again.
Cidal agents kill the target pathogen, but the agent may be
static at low levels.
ANTIBACTERIAL DRUGS

INHIBITORS OF PROTEIN
CELL WALL SYNTHESIS METABOLIC
NUCLEIC ACID
SYNTHESIS INHIBITORS ANTAGONISTS
SYNTHESIS
Penicillins Aminoglycosides Sulfonamides
INHIBITION
Cephalosporins Tetracyclins or sulfa drugs
Quinolones
Vanomycin Macrolides Trimethoprim
and Chloramphenicol
Teicoplanin
ANTIFUNGAL DRUGS
Fungal infections are divided into infections of:

SUPERFICIAL MYCOSES
Three drugs containing
SYSTEMIC MYCOSES
imidazole-miconazole,
Difficult to control and
ketoconazole and
can be fatal.
clotrimazole- available as
Amphotericin B
creams and solutions for the
5-flucytosine
treatment of infections such
fluconazole
as athelet’s foot and oral and
vaginal candidasis
ANTIVIRAL DRUGS
Amantadine and Rimantadine can be used to prevent
influenza A infections.
Vidarabine disrupts the activity of DNA polymerase
and several other enzymes involved in DNA and RNA
synthesis and function.
Acyclovir used in the treatment of herpes infections.
HPMPC or cidofovir good example of broad spectrum
anti DNA virus, effective against papovaviruses,
adenovirus, poxviruses, herpesviruses.
ANTIPROTOZOAN DRUGS
Chloroquine is used to treat malaria
Metronidazole is used to treat Entamoeba infections.
Atovaquone is used to treat Pneumocysits jiroveci and
Toxoplasma gondii.
Pentamidine is used to treat Pneumocystis
infection.

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