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Semiconductors

This document discusses semiconductors and their properties. It begins by defining key terms related to atomic structure and models. It then explains that semiconductors have a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing some electrons to move between bands. The document classifies semiconductors as intrinsic, containing only pure elements like silicon and germanium, or extrinsic, made conductive through doping with impurities. It also discusses properties of silicon as the most common semiconductor material.

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110 views29 pages

Semiconductors

This document discusses semiconductors and their properties. It begins by defining key terms related to atomic structure and models. It then explains that semiconductors have a small band gap between the valence and conduction bands, allowing some electrons to move between bands. The document classifies semiconductors as intrinsic, containing only pure elements like silicon and germanium, or extrinsic, made conductive through doping with impurities. It also discusses properties of silicon as the most common semiconductor material.

Uploaded by

Archangel Gab
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Semiconductors

1
electronics defined…

2
atomic structure...

 Electrons
 Protons
 Neutrons

3
Key Terms
 Atomic Number
 Mass Number
 Nucleon Number
 Isotopes
 Bohr Model
 Shells
 Energy Levels
 Subshells
4
Atomic Models

5
energy band diagram...
Energy
(electron volt)

Conduction Band

Valence Band

6
materials...

Conduction Band
insulators
conductors
semiconductors
(big band gap)

Valence Band

7
materials...

insulators
conductors (overlapping bands)
semiconductors

Conduction Band

Valence Band

8
materials...

insulators
conductors
semiconductors Conduction Band

(small band gap)

Valence Band

9
semiconductors...

10
semiconductors...

11
semiconductors...

 elemental
 compound
 alloy

12
elemental semicon...

 silicon
 germanium

13
compound semicon...
(III-V Compounds)
 GaAs  ZnO
 AlP  ZnS
 GaN  ZnSe
 InP  CdS
 InAs  CdSe
 InSb  CdTe
 AlSb  HgS
(II-VI Compounds)
14
alloy semicon...

 AlXGa1-XAs
 GaAs1-XPX
 Hg1-XCdXTe
The X in the alloy
formulas is a fraction
lying between 0 and 1. Ex.
Al0.3Ga0.7As

15
crystals...

16
crystals...

17
crystals...

18
flow of charges...

Diffusion Current
Drift Current
19
semicon...

Classification of Semiconductors:
 Intrinsic Semiconductors
 Extrinsic Semiconductors

20
extrinsic semicon...

Objectives:
 increase the number of holes
 increase the number of free
electrons
Process Involved:
 doping

21
doping process...

p-type n-type

22
p - type...

23
n - type...

24
p - type & n - type...

p - type n - type

25
Miller indices...
 Crystallographic Notation
(abc) crystal plane
{abc} equivalent planes
[abc] crystal direction
<abc> equivalent directions

26
Mass Action Law

n x p = n i2

 n – free electron concentration


 p – hole concentration
 ni – intrinsic carrier concentration
(1.45 x 1010 cm-3 at 300 K)

27
properties...
Si Electrical Properties:
 Relative Permittivity 11.7  Intrinsic carrier concentration (rt)
1.45e10 carriers/cm3
 Permittivity 1.04e-10 F/m  Atomic density 4.995e22 atoms/cm3
 Index of refraction 3.42
 density of surface atoms
• (100) 6.78e14/cm2
 Band Gap 1.124 eV (1.170 at 0k)
• (110) 9.59e14/cm2
 Temperature dependence of band • (111) 7.83e14/cm2
 Atoms per unit cell 8
gap -2.3e-4 eV/K  crystal structure: diamond
 n mobility 1350 (cm/s)/(V/cm)  Intrinsic Resistivity 2.3e5 ohm-cm
 p mobility 480 (cm/s)/(V/cm)


Work function (intrinsic) 4.15 eV
28
properties...
Si Chemical Properties
 Atomic Weight 28.0855

 Isotopes

• 28 (92.23%)
• 29 ( 4.67%)
• 30 ( 3.10%)
 Atomic Number 14
 Atoms per unit cell 8
 crystal structure: diamond
 Lattice Constant 5.431 angstrom
 Bond Length 2.36 angstrom
29

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