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History of Globalization

The document outlines the history of globalization from ancient times to the present. It discusses how in the archaic period, interaction was confined to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe due to distances. In the early modern period from 1600-1800, proto-globalization emerged through European maritime empires and chartered companies. In the modern period from the 19th century onward, the Industrial Revolution, steamships, railroads and later air travel increased global trade and connections. After World War 2, institutions like the WTO further reduced trade barriers and globalization expanded through increased tourism, education exchanges, and digital technologies.

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114 views16 pages

History of Globalization

The document outlines the history of globalization from ancient times to the present. It discusses how in the archaic period, interaction was confined to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe due to distances. In the early modern period from 1600-1800, proto-globalization emerged through European maritime empires and chartered companies. In the modern period from the 19th century onward, the Industrial Revolution, steamships, railroads and later air travel increased global trade and connections. After World War 2, institutions like the WTO further reduced trade barriers and globalization expanded through increased tourism, education exchanges, and digital technologies.

Uploaded by

julie
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HISTORY OF

GLOBALIZATION
ARCHAIC PERIOD
 Time of earliest civilization until 1600s.
 Idea of eastern origin adapted by Western states.
 Interaction was not in global state.
 Confined to :
Asia
North Africa
Middle East
Certain part of Europe
 States were not as interdependent as they are today
because of distance .
 Trade in the Silk Road
China
India
Persia
Europe
Arabia
EARLY MODERN
 1600-1800
 Proto-globalization
 Introduced by historians, Hopkins and Bayly.
 Rise of maritime European empires in the 16 th and
17th centuries.
 17th century –chartered companies of :
British East India (1600)
Dutch East India (1602)
 Slave Trade
Modern
 19th century
 Globalization is a direct result of Industrial
Revolution
 Industrial Revolution :
 standardized production of household items using
economies of scale
 Rapid population growth
 Created sustained demand for commodities
 Steamship reduced the cost of international
transport.
 Railroad made inland transport cheaper.
 1829-1850: Transport Revolution Occurred.
 More nations embraced international trade .
 Globalization was shaped by the 19th century
imperialism in Africa and Asia.
 Invention of shipping containers in 1956 helped
advance globalization of commerce.
 World War II
 After World War II –work by politicians led to the

agreements of the Bretton Wood Conference


laid down :
 international monetary policy in finance and

commerce.
 founding international institutions intended to

facilitate economic growth by lowering trade


barriers.
 WTO-GATT’s successor provided framework for
negotiating and formalizing trade agreements and
dispute resolutions.
Exports nearly doubled : 8.5 % in 1970
16.2% in 2001
 Approach of using global agreements to advance
trade stumbled with the Doha Development Round
Trade Negotiation .
 Countries shifted to bilateral or smaller multi-
lateral agreements such as South Korea-US Free
Trade.
 Since the 70s

- Aviation has become increasingly affordable to


middle class in developed countries
-open skies policies
-low cost carriers
-competition in the market
 1990s
 low cost communication networks cut the cost of
communicating between countries.
 More work can be performed using computer
without regard to location .
-accounting
-software development
-engineering design
 After WWII
-student exchange program became popular
-increase the participant’s understanding and
tolerance of other culture
-improve language skills
-broaden social horizon
 1963-2006
- 9x increased of students studying in foreign
countries
 Late 19th and early 20th century

-connectedness of world’s economies and cultures


grew very quickly.
 1910s onward

 -slowed down due to world wars and cold war.


 1980s and 1990s –picked –up again
 Revolutions of 1989

-subsequent liberalization resulted in significant


expansion of global interconnectedness.
Growth of Globalization
 Has never been smooth
 Late 2000 – Recession

-lower growth –cross border phone calls


-Skype usage
-negative growth –global interconnectedness
 2013-recovered

-shift economic activity to emerging economies


 Migration and movement of people
-Prominent feature of globalization
-most migration occur between developing and
least developed countries .
 Internet has become influential in connecting

people across the world .


- billions are using services of the internet.
Reference :
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globalization

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