Lift Plan Training

What is your learning expectation from

this course ?
Why you are joining this course ?

What do you know about crane lifting?

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AIM of the COURSE :

1. To ensure the Safety of the USER, OPERATORS, EQUIPMENTS, LOAD

and the personnel around it.

2. UNDERSTAND and have sufficient KNOWLEDGE to be RESPONSIBLE

person, when using LIFTING EQUIPMENTS.

3. Give and Understand the CORRECT HAND SIGNALS.

4. FAMILIARIZED PERSONNEL with various types of RIGGING and

SLINGING PROCEDURES and TECHNIQUES.

5. 5) Giving you the ability to develop lifting plans, LMS & LRA.

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How many types of cranes you know ?

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• crane unit on a recognized truck chassis
• travels on public highways at normal road
speed, meets road traffic regulations
• fitted with outriggers/stabilisers
• fitted with fixed or variable
counterweights
• requires good access, poor
maneuverability
• long booms/overall length
• beware sharp bends, gradients
• firm level ground
• 360 degree or overside and rear

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• off road only and slow moving
• large balloon tyres help spread load
• blocked and FOW with 360 degree duty
• lift and carry duties limited
• highly maneuverable
• all wheel drive and steer

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• fast on public highways
• most models all axle drive and steer, therefore
highly maneuverable
• small capacity all terrain's have blocked, free
on wheels and lift and carry duties
• hybrid - truck and rough terrain
• compact, variable counterweights
• traverses uneven ground
• ground bearing and level is required at time of
lift
• site conditions as is required for truck
mounted

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• Used on sites with poor ground which often proves to be
unsuitable for wheeled cranes.
• Erection and dismantling may require an auxiliary crane.
• Requires large area for erection especially for long
boom configurations
• Often used on sites which have a high duty cycle work
requirement.

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Selection of
Cranes

Exercise 1 : you are a person in charge of renting heavy

equipment and your company had asked you to rent a crane,
what questionnaires would you have before you will rent the
crane?

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Selection of
Cranes
• space available for crane access, erection, travelling operations and dismantling
• special requirements or limitations
• costs - not at expense of safety
• speeds, radii, heights of lift and areas of movement
• number, frequency and types of lifting operations
• length of time on site
• weights, dimensions and characteristics of loads

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BASIC HITCHES

(1) Straight pull (2) Choke hitch (3) Basket hitch (4) Basket hitch
M=1.0 M=0.8 Max. 90° M=1.4 parallel M=2.0

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Load Softeners

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 Duty
•
Chart
unique to each crane
• gives the full range of safe lifting
capacities for every configuration of the
crane or boom setting for any given radii
or boom angle
• Structural strength/stability
• Critical boom angle
• Practical working
• Source of basic information
• Configurations
• maximum safe working load inclusive of
load weight (plus any factors of safety)
hook block weight, lifting accessory
weight.
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Lifting
Accessories

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15
16
Shackle Application

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SHACKLES TYPE:

BOW SHACKLE DEE SHACKLE

Screw Pin Round Pin

Screw Pin Round Pin
Anchor Shackle Anchor Shackle
Chain Shackle Chain Shackle

Safety Type
Safety Pin Chain Shackle
Anchor Shackle

 Bolt and nut with safety lock shackles are used for load period of
connection or on water works.
 Bow shackles used for multiple slings while dee shackles used for single leg.
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EYE BOLT

Check for dents, nicks cracks.

Diameter 1”
Quenched & Tempered

Year of Manufacture
number is plant I.D.
letter is type of alloy.
WLL Year of Manufacture
number is plant I.D.
letter is type of alloy.
Cracks under collar

Shank must be square

with face of collar

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EYE BOLT

Non-shouldered eye bolts are only designed for vertical loads.

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21
Eye Bolt Installation
Angular loading must be in the plane of the eye.

Plane of the eye

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 HOOKS

SHUR – LOC EYE HOOK SLIDING CHOKER HOOK PEDRO OR SLING HOOK SORTING HOOK
With Positive Locking Latch

SNAP HOOKS ROUND REVERSE EYE BARREL HOOKS

Side
Back Load Tip Load 26
Right Wrong Load Wrong
Inspection

Let’s Start our inspection

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WIRE ROPE DAMAGE

Figure 1 — Broken wires on the “crowns” of the strands of the rope

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Figure 2 — Broken wires in the “valleys”
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Figure 3 — External wear

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Figure 4 — External corrosion

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Figure 5 — Waviness

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Figure 6 — Wire protrusion

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Figure 7 — Local increase in rope diameter due to core protrusion

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Figure 8 — Kink

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Figure 9 — Basket deformation

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Figure 10 — Strand protrusion

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Figure 11 — Strand protrusion

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Figure 12 — Core protrusion

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Figure 13 — Kink

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Figure 14 — Kink

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Figure 15 — Flattened portion

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 WIRE ROPE DAMAGE

“CRUSHED, WORN, FLATTENED, PITTED & KINKED ROPES”

(This is usually caused by misuse of Slings)

PITTED ROPE
FLAT (EXCESSIVE WEAR)

These ropes are crushed,

KINKED worn & flattened in the area
where the kink occurred.

Look for a shiny or silver

Section on the wire s4u3rface.
Wire Rope Sling
•Inspection
Thimbles (if fitted) correct fitting, snagging damage and
elongation. (stretched thimbles/eyes could indicate overload).
Wire Breaks around thimble.
• Dead end of rope should be visible with turn back locked
ferrules.
• With each leg check for wear, corrosion, abrasion, mechanical
damage and broken wires.
• Check the ferrules, especially where the wire enters the
ferrule.
• Check for broken wires – refer to a competent person for further
advice.
• Ferrules general condition (cracks, gouges), correct size. 41
Chain Slings
•Inspection
Lay out the chain slings on the floor or suspend from the crane hook
and remove all twists from the legs and check for:-
• Stretch/deformation in the individual legs.
• Distortion of the master link.
• Bends, twists, elongation and nicks.
• Wear between chain links and load pins.
• Heat damage or chemical attack.
• Corrosion.
• Mechanical damage.
• Ensure safety catches function (where fitted).
• Ensure all load pins are secure.
• Examine end terminations e.g. hooks and connectors etc. 42
Eyebolt
Inspection
Body straight

• Check identification and SWL markings are present Markings

and legible. legible on
raised areas
• The eye should not be bent or deformed.
Thread
• The shank should be straight and the threads in runout
straight
good condition.
Thread has no
• Damage such as nicks, gouges, cracks and damage –
corrosion should be referred to a competent never re cut.
person.
• Bent eyebolts must not be straightened.

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Spreader & Lifting beam
inspection
• Lifting eyes should be inspected for obvious signs of
wear, distortion and physical damage.
• Attachment points for shackles for lifting the beam or attaching
the load should be inspected for wear and elongation of the holes.
• Bolted connections should be checked for tightness.
• Check the beam for distortion.
• Spreader beams are usually hollow, particular attention should be
given to hollow sections which may have dents or localized
buckling.
• Check for cracks and distortion especially in welded details.
• Look for corrosion damage.
• Ensure that requisite markings are clearly visible and
correspond to the loadings stated on the documentation for the 47
Inspection of web
slings
• Web slings should be examined along their length for
surface chafe, cuts in the webbing, cuts or chafe damage to
the selvedges and any damage to the stitching, eyes or end
fittings.
• The effect of chafe on the surface is variable. Any
substantial chafe, particularly localised, should be viewed
critically.
• Local abrasion, as distinct from general wear may be
caused by the sling passing over sharp edges and will result
in a serious loss of strength.
• Chemical attack is indicated by local weakening or
softening of the material in the webbing so that surface
fibers can be rubbed off, as a powder in extreme cases.
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Inspection of web
slings
• Chemical attack/contamination may show as
discoloration and is a clear indication of damage to the
sling.
• Cuts, particularly at the selvedge will result in a serious
loss of strength.
• A sling so affected should be taken out of service
immediately.
• Heat damage may show as hard spots and could
be generated by friction, particularly at the bight
when choke hitch is used.

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Exercise 2
:
What is the different between WLL and SWL ?

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SWL (safe working
load)
The maximum load (mass), as assessed by a Competent Person, which
an item of lifting equipment may raise, lower or suspend under the
particular service conditions. The SWL will normally be the same as the
working load limit or the maximum safe working load, where the term
is used but it may be less.

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WLL (Working Load
Limit)
The maximum load (mass) that an item of lifting equipment is designed
to raise, lower or suspend.
In some standards and documents the WLL is referred to as the
'maximum safe working load or SWL

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WHAT IS SLING TENSION ?

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CHOKER HITCH
ANGLE
CHOKER HITCH
ANGLE
REDUCTION
CHART
Choker
Hitch Reducti
Angle on
(Degrees Factor
)

120 - 180 1.00

105 - 120 .82
90 - 105 .71
60 - 90 .58
0 - 60 .50
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CG (Center of
gravity)

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Centre of Gravity
Suspended, Centered over c.g.
Hook not over c.g. Unbalanced,
wrong

on ground

The load is not

balanced.
Balanced right

Wrong It will swing into

this position
Vertical Lift
Correct

The load is balanced 53

Sling
Tension

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Sling
Tension

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Sling
Tension

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• Why does a milking stool have 3 legs?
• Why the same rating for 3 and 4 legs?
• Why does a photographer use a tripod?
• Why do beer mats get shoved under table legs ?
Because with a four legged structure, one leg is:- REDUNDANT

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• When using two sets of two leg sling
assemblies to make up a four point lift 1.5 x WLL of
1set = total
another angle is generated between combined WLL
opposite master links.
• In order to prevent overloading of the
master links a mode factor of 1.5 x WLL
of one set should be used.
• E.g. Two sets of 30t chains can lift 1.5 x
30t = 45t

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• When using a single chain or wire with a
hook, hooked back to the master link this
hitch is known as a basket hitch hooked
back.

• The mode factor of 1 x WLL has to be

used in this kind of hitch.

• E.g. a 2t chain will be able to lift 1 x 2t =

2t

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• When using a single wire, fabric or reevable
chain in basket hitch a mode factor of 1.4 x
WLL of the sling will give the total load that
can be lifted by the sling.
• The included angle must not exceed 90
degree
• E.g. a 2t reevable chain sling will lift 1.4 x 2t =
2.8t.

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• When using two single vertically rated slings at
included angles up to 900 maximum a mode
factor of 1.4 x WLL of a single leg will give the
maximum load to be lifted by both slings.

• E.g. If each chain has a WLL of 2t the total load

that can be lifted is 2t x 1.4 = 2.8t

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Sling
Angles
• If the distance between lifting
points is half the sling leg length the
included angle will be 300 (150
beta)

• If the distance between lifting 6 M long sling 300

points is the same as the sling leg
length the included angle will be
60 (30 beta) 3 M distance between lifting points

600
6M long sling

6 M distance between lifting points 66

Sling
Angles
90 0

6 M long sling
• If the distance between lifting points is 1.4 times the
leg length the included angle will be 90(45 beta) – the
maximum for safe lifting. 8.4 M distance
between
lifting points

• If the distance between lifting points is 1.66 times the 120 0

leg length the included angle will be 120 (60 beta) 6 M long sling

10 M distance between
lifting points

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CG (Centre of Offset C/G

gravity)
• There are various methods to find the centre of gravity (C/G) of a
load.
• Calculations are used by engineers
• Measurement of the load then marking the center – a common CG

method which will work only on loads with an even

• distribution of material. The most common method is to do a
test lift
and observe how the load behaves.
• Caution – lift carefully.
Unequal distribution
of load. This leg has
most of the load
weight

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 Core
Wire

King
FOR Against Wire

• Strong. • Non adjustable.

• Flexible. • Could damage the load.. Strand

• Wide range available. • Could be damaged by the

load

• Resists most chemicals.

Wire Rope
• Resist heat.

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dia
 For Against

• Strong. • Fewer sizes

available.

• Resists heat • Could damage the

load.

• Adjustable. • Heavy

• Unit assembly.

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Let’s Strat our Lifting
planning
Lifting calculation requirements :
• Crane Model (every carne have load chart through it can be identified capacity of
crane
• Gross weight of crane
• Counterweight (if any)
• Main Boom (how much u will extend main boom of crane)
• Outrigger (it is preferable to open it full)
• Load weight & center of gravity
• Load dimension
• H.B (weight of hook block of crane)
• L.T weight (Load Tackle)
• Radius (represent the distance for center of crane to C.G of load)
• Accessories of crane weight (Slings, Shackles, spreader etc.)
• Area of mats 71
Crane Capacity
Calculation
• To find carne capacity we should know two factors first estimated
radius and second is length of Boom and from chart of crane (each
crane have own load chart) cross two line and find crane capacity.
• And from crane capacity we can find percentage capacity of carne
from the formula below:
• %Capacity= Total Weight/Capacity *100%
• Total weight = net weight of load + fittings +attachments +hook
block
+etc.
• Note :the maximum capacity of crane should not exceed 75%
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Ground Bearing Pressure
(GBP)
• Depend on geotechnical engineering .that ground bearing capacity is the
capacity of soil to support the load applied to the ground.
• GPB=overall weight /area of contact
• So to find area of Mats
• Area(m2) = length * width*no. of mats
• Area for Crane Crawler (m2) = Length of tracker * width *2
• Notes: if the crane exerts more GPB than the ground can withstand or of
the crane doesn't come equipped with mats as standard, then to calculate
the minimum size of mates required uses the follow :
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐h 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑠 = (𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑤𝑖𝑒𝑔h𝑡 + 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔h𝑡) /𝐺𝐵𝑃
(𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑)
• GBP of ground can know it from the site engineer or operation of plant

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Ground Bearing Pressure
(GBP)
• Note: to calculate the highest possible force that could be exerted through any
mat or track at any given radius especially when actual load unavailable
(estimated) used safety factor 25% as below:
𝐺𝐵𝑃 =75% 𝑂𝐹 𝑂𝑉𝐸𝑅𝐴𝐿𝐿 𝑊𝐼𝐺𝐻𝑇/𝐴𝑅𝐸𝐴 𝑂𝐹 𝑂𝑁𝐸 𝑀𝐴𝑇𝐸 (𝑂𝑅) 𝑇𝑅𝐴𝐶𝐾

Very important Notes:

• 1- Mostly dimension of Mat used (4m) of crane 100 Ton and (1m) of 50T crane.
• 2- Load path of force exert by overall weight on mate will 45 degree so it is
important when crane positioned closure the edge of excavation ,the distance
between the mat and edge equal twice of excavation depth to avoid and crash of
excavation.
• 3- It is preferable use mats from steel when the ground from sand To avoid
crane slipping and cause accident.

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Distribution Load On
Slings
Sling
Angles in
Factor Sling
Angles in
Factor

Degrees Degrees
15 .259 55 .819
20 .342 60 .866
25 .423 65 .906
30 .500 70 .940
35 .574 75 .966
40 .643 80 .985
45 .707 85 .996
50 .766 90 1.000

1 While :
𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 N :represent no of Slings
∗ Weight :Total Load which required to lifting
sin 𝜃 𝑁
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