Electronic Circuit Design

Submitted to. Dr. Muhammad Rafique

Group Members:
1. Sibghatullah K-17ES09 (G.L).
2. Rashid Latif K-17ES26 (A.G.L)
3. Essar Das K-17ES20
Lecture 01
Amplifier:
The devices which are used to strengthen the weak
signal, without changing the shape of signal are
known as Amplifiers.
There are many types Amplifiers.
 Single stage Small-signal BJT Amplifiers.
1. Common Emitter Amplifiers.
2. Common Collector Amplifiers.
3. Common Base Amplifiers.
 Multistage Amplifiers.
Single stage BJT Amplifier
When single BJT is associated with circuit or network
is used to improve the strength of a weak signal is
known as Single Stage BJT Amplifier.
DC Analysis: Determining the V/I parameters of BJTs
while applying DC source.
AC Analysis: Determining the V/I parameters of BJTs
while applying AC source.
 AC Analysis

Small Signal Analysis

Since ICC α βDC.
DC.IB
B
Hence at low signals small change is obtained in IC.
C.
Small-signal Analysis.
When input AC signal is sufficiently small enough
that it does not affect the position of Q-point,
Amplifiers designed to handle these small ac signals
are often referred to as small-signal amplifiers.
Schematic Biasing Circuit
 In Circuit R1 & R2 are used to bias BJT.
 RC is used to get output.
 RE is used to get stabilized operation.
 C1 or CIN(Input Capacitor) is used to protect
the AC source being shorted/dropped
through R2.
 C2 or CE is used to provide a ground path to
IE.
 If there will be no CE, then signal goes into
RE and there will be voltage drop and signal
met with VIN and Known as “Feedback.”
 C3 0r CC is called Coupling Capacitor, it
couples output of one amplifier as an input
or second amplifier.
Lecture 02
Transistor AC Models(r-Parameters)
 DC quantities were identified by Non italic Uppercase sub-scripts such
as IC, IE, VC, and VCE.
 AC quantities are indicated by Lowercase italic subscripts such as rms,
peak, and peak-to-peak currents and voltages. Ic, Ie, Ib, Vc, and Vce
(rms values are assumed unless otherwise stated). Instantaneous
quantities are represented by both lowercase letters and subscripts
such as ic, ie, ib, and vce.
 When a Transistor applied AC source and works as Amplifier, the
resistances and current parameters known as r-parameters.
Generalized AC Models & (r’e)
 The base resistance is sufficiently small, hence base terminal is described
as short.
 Collector resistance is quite large, hence it is represented as open.
 Only effective resistance to AC source viewed from forward biased
transistor emitter side is AC emitter resistance.
 Collector can be regarded as dependent current source, as shown.
AC Equivalent Circuit:
Lecture 03
Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit
BJT Common Emitter Amplifier
Common-emitter amplifier with voltage-divider bias and
coupling capacitors Cc and Cin on the input and output and a
bypass capacitor, CE, from emitter to ground.
The input signal, Vin, is capacitively coupled to the base
terminal, the output signal, Vout, is capacitively coupled from the
collector to the load. The amplified output is 180° out of phase
with the input.
Because the ac signal is applied to the base terminal as the input
and taken from the collector terminal as the output, the emitter is
common to both the input and output signals. There is no signal
at the emitter because the bypass capacitor effectively shorts the
emitter to ground at signal frequency.
Input and Output Resistance
Input Resistance Output Resistance

 RC || r’c but r’c is quite large and acts as open.

Lecture 04
Voltage Gain
The ratio of AC output at collector VC to AC input voltage
at base Vb defines as Voltage Gain.
Attenuation
The drop in strength of input signal is known as Attenuation.
Effects of CE on Voltage Gain
If CE is applied, hence no voltage drop happens in RE, and we
know that, Av = .
So CE prohibits RE effect on Av.
As a rule of thumb, the value of CE should be selected as,
10 x XCE ≤ RE
 Av without Capacitor.

The effect of RE is to decrease the ac voltage gain. So it is clear

that Capacitor improves the Voltage gain.
Effect of a Load on the Voltage Gain
A load is the amount of current drawn from the output of
an amplifier or other circuit through a load resistance.
When a resistor, RL, is connected to the output through the
coupling capacitor C3.
It creates a load on the circuit. The collector resistance at
the signal frequency is effectively RC in parallel with RL.
Remember, the upper end of RC is effectively at ac ground.
The total ac collector resistance is,
Lecture 05
Stability of Amplifier (Voltage Gain)
Stability is measure of how good an amplifier provide
results, up to designed values with change in temperature
or different “β” values of transistor.
Since by passing RE, provides better gain, but it leaves gain
parameter totally dependent on IE & r’e.
While r’e value changes with change in temperature this
makes Av unstable as r’e increases, gain decreases and vice
versa.
If RE is un bypassed the gain essentially depends upon RE
and if RE >> r’e, r’e is ineffective on Av.
Swamping r’e to Stabilize the Voltage Gain
 Swamping is a method used to minimize the effect of r’e without
reducing the voltage gain to its minimum value.
 This method“ swamps” out the r’e effect of on the voltage gain.
Swamping is, in effect, a compromise between having a bypass
capacitor across RE and having no bypass capacitor at all.
 In a swamped amplifier, RE is partially bypassed so that a reasonable
gain can be achieved, and the effect of on the gain is greatly reduced or
eliminated. The total external emitter resistance, RE, is formed with
two separate emitter resistors, RE1 and RE2,
 One of the resistors, RE2, is bypassed and the other is not.
 Both resistors (RE1 +RE2) affect the dc bias while only RE1 affects the ac
voltage gain .
A swamped amplifier Circuit
Lecture 06
Current Gain:
 The current gain from base to collector is Ic/Ib or βac. However, the
overall current gain of the common-emitter amplifier is,

 Is is the total signal input current produced by the source, part of which (Ib)
is base current and part of which (Ibias) goes through the bias circuit as
shown. The source “sees” a total resistance of The total current produced by
the source is,
Power Gain:
The overall power gain is the product of the overall
voltage gain (A’v) and the overall current gain (Ai).
Phase Inversion
 The output signal is out of phase with the input signal. As the input
signal voltage changes, it causes the AC base current to change,
resulting in a change in the collector current from its Q-point value. If
the base current increases, the collector current increases above its Q-
point value, causing an increase in the voltage drop across RC. This
increase in the voltage across RC means that the voltage at the collector
decreases from its Q-point. So, any change in input signal voltage
results in an opposite change in collector signal voltage, which is a
phase inversion.
Lecture 07
Common Collector Amplifier
 Common Collector is normally known as Emitter Follower circuit.
 Input is applied to base and output is taken from Emitter terminal.
 Collector is common or ground to base and emitter.
 It has Av≈1 and its advantage is high input impedance and same phase
output.
 Input and output are capacitively coupled.
 Capacitor impedances are assumed as zero or negligible.
 Input and output waveforms have same phase and almost same
magnitude.
 It is used as Buffer, or Impedance matching, while it does not used
as Amplifier but it has same structure like a Amplifier.
Common Collector Amplifier Circuit
Voltage Gain
Input and Output Resistance
Current and Power Gain.
Lecture 08
Darlington Pair
 As we know that input resistance of Emitter follower amplifier is
dependent upon βac.
 However, βac limits the input resistance.
 An easy way to boost the input resistance of an amplifier is to
implement of Darlington Pair.
 The Darlington Pair, the collector of two transistors is interconnected
and base of second transistor is fed through the emitter of transistor
one.
Application and Circuit of Darlington Pair
Application: Emitter Follower is used as an interface
between two circuits, having high output resistance Rout
of an amplifier, and low load resistance RL. In this
application the Emitter Follower is called Buffer.
Lecture 09
Common Base Amplifier
It is type of an amplifier which provides high voltage gain
and a current gain of 1.
As it can be seen that, base is grounded through coupling
capacitor C2, input is applied at the emitter and output is
taken from collector.
Voltage Gain, Input and Output Resistance
Current and Power Gain
Comparison of Amplifier Configurations
Lecture 10
Multistage Amplifier
When two or more than two amplifiers are connected
through “Cascade” arrangement its known as Multistage
Amplifier.
In Cascade configuration, the output of first amplifier is
input of second amplifier and output is taken from second
amplifier.
In cascade arrangement, each amplifier is known as
“stage”.
Multistage or cascade is used to improve the overall voltage
gain.
Multistage Voltage Gain
Capacitively-Coupled Multistage Amplifier
Lecture 11
Differential Amplifier
An Amplifier whose output is the function of difference of
two input is called Differential Amplifier.
It has two operating modes.
1. Differential Input mode: Two different input signals are
applied.
2. Common Signal mode: Two signal with same value are
applied.
 Differential Amplifier employs two BJTs, two inputs and
has two output lead are utilized.
 For smooth operation in Differential Amplifier it is
necessary that both transistors are should be identical.
Basic Differential Amplifier Circuit
Cases in Differential Amplifier
Modes of Signal Operation
I. Single-Ended Differential Input:
II. Double-Ended Differential Inputs:
III. Common mode Inputs:
Lecture 12
Power Amplifiers.
Small Signal Amplifiers: When AC signal moves
slightly above and below the Q-point on AC load line it
is called as small signal Amplifiers.
Large Signal Amplifiers: When AC signal, reduces
the limits of an AC load line, it is called Large Signal
Amplifiers.
Power Amplifiers.
When an Amplifier delivers power to load without considering
Av or Ai, its called Power Amplifiers,
During Operation of power Amplifiers constituent components
are selected, according to their ability to dissipate heat.
All those Amplifiers rated above 1 watt are called Power
Amplifiers.
Classification of Power Amplifiers.
1. Class A Amplifiers.
2. Class B Amplifiers.
3. Class C Amplifiers.
4. Class D Amplifiers.
Lecture 13
“Class A” Amplifiers
When an Amplifier works in linear region of operation
for both small and large signal and output is replica of
input is called Class A Power A Amplifiers.
It can have small inversion if we are using Common
Emitter Amplifier.
Power Gain.
The power gain of an amplifier is the ratio of the output
power (power delivered to the load) to the input power.

As
Lecture 14
Class B or Class AB push Pull Amplifiers
When an amplifier is biased at cut off and operated at
cut off point, so that is conducts 180°, during active
region and another 180° during cut off region , are
called Class B Amplifiers.
While Class AB amplifiers conducts strengthly more
than 180°.
These amplifiers have higher efficiency than Class A
amplifiers but are difficult to implement in order to get
linear output wave.
Efficiency of Class A Amplifiers
 Efficiency of an amplifier is ratio between output AC signal power to that
of total power of DC supply.
 AC signal power can be calculate by,

 Efficiency of class A amplifier is 0.25 0r 25% in actual it is less than 25%

usually 10%.
 Efficiency is measured with the help of coupling transformer, however
there are disadvantages of size and economy.
 Moreover, non-linear output can appear if transformer is
saturated(distorts output).
 Hence, class A amplifier applications are limited below 1W power.
Lecture 15
Class B Operation.
Since class B amplifiers conducts half signal, hence
significant distortion is produced at output stage.
To remove this problem, two transistors are used to
conduct 360° of cycle, it is called Push Pull Amplifier.
In Push Pull configuration another class B amplifier is
added to provide conduction for another half cycle.
Methods to couple Transistors
1. Transformer Coupled Transistors
 In input two transistors are connected to center tapped Transformer.
 Center tapped Transformer provides phase inversion.
 Q1 conducts during positive half cycle.
 Q2conducts during negative half cycle.
 At output transformer provides total summation a full wave appears
at output.
2. Complementary Symmetric Transistor
 Complementary Symmetric Transistor arrangement is Push-pull class
B amplifiers using two emitter-followers and both positive and negative
power supplies.
 One emitter-follower uses an NPN transistor and the other a PNP,
which conduct on opposite alternations of the input cycle.
 Notice that there is no dc base bias voltage (VB = 0). Thus, only the
signal voltage drives the transistors into conduction. Transistor Q1
conducts positive half cycle, and Q2 conducts negative half cycle.
Cross over Distortion.
 When the DC base voltage is zero, both transistors are off and the
input signal voltage must exceed VBE before a transistor conducts.
Because of this, there is a time interval between the positive and
negative alternations of the input when neither transistor is
conducting. The resulting distortion in the output waveform is called
Crossover distortion.
Biasing Of Push Pull Amplifier.
A voltage divider rule and diodes are connected at the
input.
Here, R1=R2, D1=D2, VBE1=VBE2.
In order to overcome the crossover distortion push pull is
biased properly known AB class.
Biasing is adjusted to overcome VBE drop.
In AB configuration transistors are biased as such that they
remain in conduction even with zero input voltage.
Although this configuration removes cross over distortion
but can produce instability caused by changed value of
diodes and transistor (VBE).
ICQ1 ≈ ICQ2
Biasing Of Push Pull Amplifier circuit

ICQ1 ≈ ICQ2
Lecture 16
Single Source Biasing of Class B/AB Amplifier
 Push pull amplifier can be biased using single source voltage.
 Working behavior is same as that of previous case, however in single
source case, transistor are forced to be bias at half of VCC and voltage at
emitter is VCC/2.
 Since there is voltage at CE terminals and drops across R1 and R2 can
produce a DC component with output signal, thus capacitors are
included in this configuration.
Power of Class B/AB Amplifier
 Since max output current is Ic(sat) and max output voltage CCE(Q)
hence power,
P= Ic(sat) x VCE(Q)
Efficiency
Advantage of class Band AB amplifiers over class A
amplifiers is high efficiency. This advantage usually
overrides the difficulty of biasing the class AB push pull
amplifier to eliminate the cross over distortion.
η= Pout/PDC
Lecture 17
Class C Amplifier
Most efficient amplifier among other types.
The output is non linear, mostly used in Communication
devices (AM/FM transmission applications.
It is self biased or single biased amplifier.
This amplifier is used for resonant frequency(XC=XL) loads.
It is type of an amplifier, that operates below Q-point.
Class C Amplifier Operation
The amplifier will work when Vs is slightly greater, than |
VBB|+VBE, during this time Q is turned on.
As Vs goes below |VBB|+VBE, Q will be off, hence, pulses of Ic
will be generalized during on-state.
Power Dissipation
Power dissipation in class C amplifier is low, because it
conducts for short period of time.
Lecture 18
Use of Tank Circuit.
 Because output voltage of class C is not replica of input, that’s why
instead of resistor or resistive element, LC tank is used.
 In this circuit the resonant frequency Fr is determined by 1/2π√LC.
 The short pulses of Ic initiate and sustain oscillation of tank circuit , so
that a sinusoidal output voltage waveform can be generalized.
 At Fr impedance of tank circuit is very high hence the gain of an
amplifier is high at that Fr.
 In circuit Capacitor(C1) is charged to Vcc as Ic pulse occurs and Q is
conducting.
Action of Tank Circuit
i. Ic charges capacitor equal to Vcc.
ii. After removal of pulse “C1” discharges quickly through “L”.
iii. After complete discharge of “C1” the “L” Magnetic field
collapses and quickly recharges C1 but in opposite polarity, as
shown in fig. (b) and (c).
iv. C1 will charge inductor again and magnetic field will build up
at “L”.
 Inductor quickly charges back capacitor, but with reduced
intensity, due to losses occurring in wiring.
 Hence, complete cycle is gained, as shown in (d) and (e).
 The successive amplitude of output voltage will reduce in
comparison to previous peak, because of energy loses in tank
circuit.
 So we need to continuous supply pulse Ic.
Action of Tank Circuit Graphically.
Tank Circuit Oscillations.