UNIT I

PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS
 Partial Differential Equation

Partial differential equation is one which involves

partial derivatives. The order of PDE is the order of highest
derivative occurring in it.

If z  f ( x, y ) where x, y are independent var iable,

z is dependent var iable.
Notation :
z z  z  z  z 2 2 2
p , q , r 2, s , t 2.
x y x xy y

Department of Applied Mathematics 2

Formation of PDE by eliminating arbitrary constant

Let us consider the functional relation

f(x, y, z, a, b) = 0 -------- (1)
Where a and b are arbitrary constant to be eliminated

Differentiating (1) partially with respect to x and y, we get

f f z f f
 0   p  0        (2)
x z x x z
f f z f f
 0   q  0        (3)
y z y y z
Equation (2) and (3) will contain a and b. If we eliminate a and
b from (1), (2) and (3) we get the PDE (involving p and q)
of the first order.
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 NOTE:

If the number of constants to be eliminated is equal to number

of independent variables, the PDE got after elimination
will be of first order.

If the number of constants to be eliminated is more than the

number independent variables, the resulting PDE will be
of second or higher order.

Answer is not unique.

Department of Applied Mathematics 4

Formation of Partial Differential equations

Partial Differential Equation can be formed either

by elimination of arbitrary constants or by the
elimination of arbitrary functions from a relation
involving three or more variables .

Example :
1.Eliminate two arbitrary constants a and b from
 x  a    y  b  z  R here R is known constant .
2 2 2 2
 (OR) Find the differential equation of all spheres
of fixed radius having their centers in x y- plane.
Solution :
 x  a 2
  y  b   z  R .......1
2 2 2

Differentiating both sides with respect to x and y

z
2z  2( x  a )
x
z
2z  2( y  b)
y
z z
 p, q
x y
 x  a   pz , y  b   qz
By substituting all these values in (1)

p z2 2
q z 2 2
z 2
 R 2

R2
 z 2

p2  q2 1
or
R2
z2  2 2
 z   z 
  
 y 
 1
 x   
2. Find the partial Differential Equation by eliminating
arbitrary functions from z  f ( x 2
 y 2
)

SOLUTION

z  f ( x  y )..........(1)
2 2

d .w.r.to.xandy
z
 f ( x  y )  2 x......( 2)
' 2 2

x
z
 f ( x  y )  2 y......(3)
' 2 2

y
 ( 2)
By
(3)

 z 
 
 x    x
 z  y
 
 y 
 
p x
  py  qx  0
q y
Problem 3
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating
a and b from z  ( x 2  a 2 )( y 2  b 2 )

Solution:

Given z  ( x 2  a 2 )( y 2  b 2 )      (1)
Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t ‘x’ and ‘y’ we get

z
p  (2 x)( y 2  b 2 )
x
p
  y 2  b 2        (2)
2x

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Differentiating (1) partially w.r. t ‘y’ we get

z
q  ( x 2  a 2 )( 2 y )
y
q
  x 2  a 2        (3)
2y
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have

q p
z .
2 y 2x

(i.e.) 4 xy z  pq

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Problem 4
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the
arbitrary constants a and b from( x  a ) 2  ( y  b ) 2  z 2 cot 2 
Solution:
Given ( x  a) 2  ( y  b) 2  z 2 cot 2       (1)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
z
2( x  a )  0  2 z cot 2 
x
 x  a  z p cot 2         (2)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
z
0  2( y  b)  2 z cot 2 
y
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  y  b  z q cot         (3)
2

Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have

( z p cot 2  ) 2  ( z q cot 2  ) 2  z 2 cot 2 

z 2 cot 4  ( p 2  q 2 )  z 2 cot 2 

cot 2  ( p 2  q 2 )  1

(i.e.) p 2  q 2  tan 2 

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Problem 5
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the
arbitrary constants a and b from z  a x  ay  b
2 2

Solution:
Given z  a 2 x  ay 2  b        (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

z
p  a 2        (2)
x
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

z q
q  2ay  a         (3)
y 2y

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 Substitute (3) in equation (2), we have
2
 q 
p   
 2y 
4y2 p  q2
Problem 6
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the
arbitrary constants a and b from z  ax n  by n

Solution: Given z  ax n  by n      (1)

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

z
p  a n x n 1
x
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 a n xn
p
x
px
 a x n        (2)
n
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

z
q  b n y n 1
y
bn yn
q
y
qy
 b y n        (3)
n

Department of Applied Mathematics 16

 Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have

px qy
z 
n n
(i.e.) n z  p x  q y

Problem 7
Find the partial differential equation of all planes cutting equal
intercepts from the x and y axes.
Solution:
The equation of the plane cutting equal intercept from x and y
axes is
x y z
   1      (1)
a a c

17
 Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
1 p
0  0
a c
p 1
         ( 2)
c a
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

1 q
0  0
a c
q 1
         (3)
c a
Divide (2) by (3), we get
p
1 (i.e.) p  q
q
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Problem 8
Find the partial differential equation of all planes passing
through the origin
Solution:
The equation of the plane passing through the origin is
ax + by + cz = 0
 c z  a x  b y
a b
 z  x y
c c
(i.e.) z  A x  B y        (1)

where A and B are arbitrary constants

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 Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

z
p A
x
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
z
q B
y
Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have

z  pxqy

Problem 9
Find the PDE of all planes which are at a constant distance ‘k’
from the origin.
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Solution:
The equation of the plane having constant distance ‘k’ from
the origin is
a x  b y  c z  k a 2  b 2  c 2  0      (1)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

ac p 0
 a   c p        (2)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
b cq  0
 b   c q        (3)

Substitute (2) and (3) in equation (1), we have

Department of Applied Mathematics 21

  c p x  c q y  c z  k c2 p2  c2q2  c2  0
 p x  q y  z  k p2  q2 1  0

(i.e.) z  p x  q y  k p2  q2 1
Problem 10
Form the partial differential equation of all spheres whose
centre lies on the z-axis.
Solution:
Any point on the z-axis is of the form (0, 0, a)
Then the equation of the sphere with centre (0, 0, a) and
radius k (say) is
x 2  y 2  ( z  a ) 2  k 2        (1)
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constant.
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 Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

2 x  0  2( z  a) p  0
x  ( z  a ) p        (2)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
0  2 y  2( z  a)q  0
y  ( z  a)q        (3)
Divide (2) by (3), we get

x p

y q
(i.e.) p y  q x.

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Problem 11
Find the partial differential equation of the family of spheres
having their centres on the line x = y = z.
Solution:
Since the centre (a, b, c) lies on the line x = y = z,
we have a = b = c
Hence the equation of the sphere is
(x – a)2 + (y – a)2 + (z – a)2 = r2 ---------------- (1)
where ‘a’ is the arbitrary constants.
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
2( x  a)  2( z  a) p  0
2 x  2 z p  2 a (1  p)        (2)
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Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
2( y  a )  2( z  a) q  0
2 y  2 z q  2 a (1  q)        (3)
Divide (2) by (3), we get
2 ( x  z p) 1  p

2 ( y  z q) 1  q
( x  z p)(1  q)  ( y  z q )(1  p )

x  xq  z p  z pq  y  y p  zq  z pq

(i.e.) ( y  z ) p  ( z  x) q  x  y

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Problem 12
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating an
arbitrary function from z  f ( x 2  y 2 )
Solution:
Given z  f ( x  y )      (1)
2 2

Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

p  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 x)       (2)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

q  f  ( x 2  y 2 ) (2 y )       (3)
Divide (2) by (3), we get
p x
 (i.e.) p y  q x
q y
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Problem 13
Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation
1 
z  y  2 f   log y 
2

x 
1 
Solution: Given z  y  2 f   log y       (1)
2

x 
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
 1    1
p  0  2 f    log y   2         (2)
x  x 
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

 1  1
q  2 y  2 f    log y   
x  y 
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  1  1
q  2 y  2 f    log y           (3)
x  y 
Dividing (2) by (3), we have
 1   1
2 f    log y   2 
p  x   x  p  1/ x 2
  
q  2y  1  1 q  2y 1/ y
2 f    log y   
x  y 
p y
  2
q  2y x
 x 2 p   y (q  2 y )

(i.e.) x p  y q  2y
2 2

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Problem 14
Form the partial differential equation by eliminating the
 2 x
arbitrary function from   z  xy ,   0
 z
Solution:
The given equation can be written as
 x
z  xy  f          (1)
2

z
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get

 x   z.1  x. p 
2 z p  y  f    2        (2)
z z 

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 Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get

 x   xq
2 z q  x  f     2        (3)
z z 
Divide (2) by (3), we get
2z p y z  px

2zq x qx

(2 z p  y )( q x)  (2 z q  x)( z  p x)

 2 z p q x  x y q  2 z 2q  2 z p q x  z x  p x2

(i.e.) x 2 p  (2 z 2  x y ) q  z x

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Problem 15
Eliminate the arbitrary function ‘f ’ from the relation

f ( x  y  z , x  y  z)  0
2 2 2

Solution:
The given equation can be written as
x 2  y 2  z 2   ( x  y  z )        (1)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. x, we get
2 x  0  2 z p   ( x  y  z ) (1  0  p)
2 x  2 z p   ( x  y  z ) (1  p)        (2)
Diff. eqn. (1) p.w.r.t. y, we get
0  2 y  2 z q   ( x  y  z ) (0  1  q)
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 2 y  2 z q   ( x  y  z ) (1  q)        (3)

Dividing (2) by (3), we have

2 x  2 z p  ( x  y  z ) (1  p)

2 y  2 z q  ( x  y  z ) (1  q)
x  z p (1  p)

y  z q (1  q)

( x  zp )(1  q)  ( y  zq )(1  p)
x  xq  z p  z pq  y  y p  zq  z pq

(i.e.) ( y  z ) p  ( z  x) q  x  y
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Problem 16.Find Partial Differential Equation
by eliminating two arbitrary functions from

z  yf ( x )  xg ( y )
SOLUTION
z  yf ( x )  xg ( y )......(1)
Differentiating both sides with respect to x and y
z
 yf ( x)  g ( y )........( 2)
x
z
 f ( x)  xg ( y )........(3)
y
Again d . w .r. to x and yin equation (2)and(3)

 z
2
 f ( x )  g ( y )
xy

x  ( 2)  y  (3)......to...get
 z z
x y 
x y
xg ( y )  yf ( x)  xy ( f ( x )  g ( y ))
 z  xy  f   g 
z z   z  2
x y  z  xy  
x y  xy 
Different Integrals of Partial Differential
Equation

1. Complete Integral (solution)

z z
Let F ( x, y, z, , )  F ( x, y, z , p, q)  0......(1)
x y
be the Partial Differential Equation.
The complete integral of equation (1) is given
by  ( x, y, z , a, b)  0..........(2)
2. Particular solution
A solution obtained by giving particular values to
the arbitrary constants in a complete integral is
called particular solution .
3.Singular solution
The eliminant of a , b between
 ( x, y , z , a , b )  0
 
 0, 0
a b
when it exists , is called singular solution
4. General solution
In equation (2) assume an arbitrary relation
of the form b  f (a) . Then (2) becomes

 ( x, y, z , a, f (a ))  0.........(3)

Differentiating (2) with respect to a,

 
 f (a )  0..........(4)
a b
The eliminant of (3) and (4) if exists,
is called general solution
Standard types of first order equations
TYPE-I
The Partial Differential equation of the form
f ( p, q )  0
has solution
z  ax  by  c with f ( a, b)  0

TYPE-II
The Partial Differential Equation of the form
z  px  qy  f ( p, q ) is called Clairaut’s form
of pde , it’s solution is given by
z  ax  by  f (a, b)
TYPE-III
If the pde is given by f ( z , p, q )  0
then assume that

z   ( x  ay )
u  x  ay
z   (u )
 z z u z dz
p   .1 
x u x u du
z z u z dz
q   .a  a
y u y u du
 The given pde can be written as
dz dz
f ( z , , a )  0.And also this can
du du
be integrated to get solution
TYPE-IV
The pde of the form f ( x, p )  g ( y, q ) can be
solved by assuming
f ( x, p )  g ( y , q )  a
f ( x , p )  a  p   ( x, a )
g ( y, q)  a  q   ( y, a)
z z
dz  dx  dy
x y
dz   ( x, a)dx   ( y, a)dy
Integrate the above equation to get solution
 Problem 1
Find the complete integral of p  q 1

Solution:
Given p  q  1      (1)
This is of the form f(p,q)=0
The complete solution of equation (1) is
z  axb yc
where a  b  1  b  1 a  b  1 a   2

Hence the complete integral is

z  a x  1 a   2
yc
Department of Applied Mathematics 43
 Problem 2
Find the complete integral of p-q=0

Solution:
Given p – q = 0 ------------ (1)
This is of the form f(p,q)=0
The complete solution of equation (1) is
z  axb yc
Where a-b=0 => b=a
Hence the complete integral is
z  axayc
Department of Applied Mathematics 44
Problem 3
1.Solve the pde p 2
 q  1 and find the complete

and singular solutions

Solution
Complete solution is given by
z  ax  by  c
with a b 1
2

 b  a 1 2
 z  ax  (a  1) y  c
2

d.w.r.to. a and c then

z
 x  2ay
a
z
 1  0 Which is not possible
c
Hence there is no singular solution

4.Solve the pde pq  p  q  0and find the

complete, general and singular solutions
Solution
The complete solution is given by
z  ax  by  c

with
ab  a  b  0
b
a
b 1

b
z  x  by  c.......(1)
b 1
z 1
 x y 0
b  b  1 2

z
 1  0 no singular solution
c
To get general solution assume that
c  g (b)
From eq (1)
b
z  x  by  g (b).......( 2)
b 1
 z 1
 x  y  g (b).......(3)
c  b  1 2

Eliminate from (2) and (3) to get general

solution
5.Solve the pde z  px  qy  1  p  q 2 2

and find the complete and singular solutions

Solution
The pde z  px  qy  1  p  q
2 2

is in Clairaut’s form
 complete solution of (1) is

z  ax  by  1  a  b .......( 2)
2 2

d.w.r.to “a” and “b”

z a 
 x  0
a 1 a  b
2 2

........(3)
z b
 y  0 
b 1 a  b
2 2

From (3)
2 2
a b
x 
2
,y 
2

1 a  b
2 2
1 a  b
2 2

a b
2 2
x y 
2 2

1 a  b
2 2

1
  1  ( x 2
 y 2
)
1 a  b
2 2
 2
a
ax  0
1 a  b
2 2

2
b
by  0
1 a  b
2 2

1
ax  by  1  a  b  2 2
0
1 a  b
2 2

1
z  0  z  1 (x  y )
2 2 2

1 a  b
2 2

 x  y  z  1 is required singular solution

2 2 2
Problem 6
z x y
Find the complete integral of    pq
pq q p
Solution:
z x y
Given    pq
pq q p

z  p x  q y  p q pq      (1)
This is in Clairaut’s form
The complete integral of equation (1) is

z  a x  b y  ab ab (replacing p by a and q by b)

Department of Applied Mathematics 53

 Problem 7
Find the singular solution of z  px  qy  p 2  pq  q 2

Solution:
Given z  px  qy  p  pq  q      (1)
2 2

This is in Clairaut’s form

The complete integral of equation (1) is

z  ax  by  a  ab  b      (2)
2 2

(replacing p by a and q by b)

To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’,
we get
0  x  2a  b  2a  b   x       (3)
Department of Applied Mathematics 54
and 0  y  a  2b  a  2b   y       (4)

Solving (3) and (4) we get

y  2x x  2y
3a  y  2 x  a  and 3b  x  2 y  b 
3 3
Substitute the values of a and b in equation (2) we have

(2)  z  ax  by  a  ab  b 2 2

2
 y  2x   x  2 y   y  2x 
z  x  y  
 3   3   3 
2
 y  2x   x  2 y   x  2 y 
   
 3  3   3 
Department of Applied Mathematics 55
 9 z  3x( y  2 x)  3 y ( x  2 y )  ( y  2 x) 2
 ( y  2 x)( x  2 y )  ( x  2 y ) 2

9 z  3 xy  3 x  3 y 2 2

(i.e.) 3 z  xy  x  y 2 2

Problem 8
Find the singular integral of the partial differential
z  px  qy  p  q
equation
2 2

Solution:
Given z  px  qy  p  q      (1) 2 2

This is in Clairaut’s form

Department of Applied Mathematics 56
 The complete integral of equation (1) is

z  ax  by  a  b      (2)
2 2

(replacing p by a and q by b)

To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’,
we get
0  x  2a  a   x       (3)
2
y
0  y  2b b       ( 4)
2
Substitute the values of a and b in equation (2) we have
2 2
 x  y  x  y
(2)  z  x     y       
 2  2  2  2
Department of Applied Mathematics 57
4 z  2 x  2 y  x  y
2 2 2 2

(i.e.) 4 z  y  x2 2
Problem 9

Solve: p (1  q )  qz

Solution:
This is of the form f(z , p, q) = 0
Given p(1  q)  qz    (1)
Let q = ap
Then equation (1) becomes Now, q  a p

p(1 + ap) = ap z  a z 1

 a 
a z 1  a 
1 + ap = az  p 
a  a z 1

Department of Applied Mathematics 59

Substitute p and q in the relation
dz = p dx + q dy

a z 1
dz  d x  (a z  1) d y
a
dz dx
 d y
a z 1 a
Integratin g , we get
log( a z  1) x
  yb
a a
(i.e.) log( a z  1)  x  a y  b       (2)
which is the complete integral
Department of Applied Mathematics 60
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in
turn, we get
a
 y and 0  1
a z 1
The last equation is absurd and shows that there is no singular
integral.
To find general integral, assume b = f(a)
Then equation (2) becomes
(2)  log( a z  1)  x  a y  f (a)      (3)
Diff. eqn. (3) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get
a
 y  f (a)         (4)
a z 1
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (3) and (4) gives the
general integral.
Department of Applied Mathematics 61
Problem 10
Solve: p 2
 q 2
 x 2
 y 2

Solution:
This is of the form f(x , p) = g( y , q)

Given p 2  q 2  x 2  y 2      (1)

 p2  x2  y2  q2
 p x  y q  a
2 2 2 2 2

p2  x2  a2  p   x2  a2

y2  q2  a2  q   y2  a2
Department of Applied Mathematics 62
Substitute p and q in the relation

dz = p dx + q dy

dz   x 2  a 2 dx  y 2  a 2 dy
Integratin g we get

x 2 a 2
1  x  
z  x a 
2
sinh  
2 2  a 
y a 2
1  y  
 y a 
2 2
cosh    b     (2)
2 2  a 

which is the complete integral

Department of Applied Mathematics 63

 To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’,
in turn, we get

x a2 x 
2a 1 1  x 
0    2   sinh  .( a)
 2 2 x  a
2 2 2 1  ( x / a) 2 a   a  
 y (2a ) a2  y 
1 1  y 
   2   cosh  .( a )
 2 2 y  a
2 2 2 ( x / a)  1  a 
2
a 
and 0  1
The last equation is absurd and shows that there is no
singular integral

To find general integral, assume b = f(a)

Department of Applied Mathematics 64

Then equation (2) becomes
x 2 a2 1  x  
z  x  a  sinh  
2

2 2  a 
y a 2
1  y  
 y  a  cosh    f (a )      (3)
2 2

2 2  a 

Diff. eqn. (3) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get

x a2 x 
2a 1 1  x 
0    2   sinh  .(a)
 2 2 x  a
2 2 2 1  ( x / a)  a 
2
 a  
 y (2a) a2  y 
1 1  y 
   2   cosh  .(a)  f  (a)    (4)
 2 2 y 2  a 2 2 ( x / a) 2  1  a  a 

The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (3) and (4) gives

the general integral.
Department of Applied Mathematics 65
Problem 11
Find the complete integral of pq  x

Solution:
This is of the form f(x , p) = g( y , q)
Given pq  x    (1)
Let q = a
Then equation (1) becomes
x
pa  x  p 
a
Substitute p and q in the relation

Department of Applied Mathematics 66

 dz  p dx  q dy

x
dz  dx  a dy
a
Integratin g , we get

x2
z  ay  b
2a
which is the complete integral.

Department of Applied Mathematics 67

 (1  x) p  (2  y )q  3  z
12.Solve the pde

Solution
pde (1  x) p  (2  y )q  3  z
z  px  qy  (3  p  2q )

Complete solution of above pde is

z  ax  by  (3  a  2b)
13.Solve the pde p
2
q  z
2

Solution
Assume that z   ( x  ay )
 u  x  ay
z   (u )
z z u z dz
p   .1 
x u x u du
z z u z dz
q   .a  a
y u y u du
From given pde 2 2
 dz  2  dz 
p q  z  a    z
2 2 2

 du   du 
 2
 dz  z
  
 du  1  a
2

 dz  z dz 1
    du
 du  1  a
2
z 1 a 2

Integrating on both sides

u
2 z  b
1 a2
x  ay
2 z  b
1 a2
14. Solve the pde zpq  pq

Solution
Assume q  ap
Substituting in given equation
zpap  p  ap
1 a 1 a
p ,q 
az z
z z
dz  dx  dy
x y
1 a 1 a
 dz  dx  dy
az z
 zadz  (1  a )( dx  ady )
Integrating on both sides
a 2
z  (1  a )( x  ay )  b
2
15.Solve the pde pq  xy
z z
(or) ( )( )  xy
x y
Solution p q

x y
Assume that

p y
 a
x q
y
 p  ax, q 
a
y
dz  pdx  qdy  axdx  dy
a
Integrating on both sides
2 2
x y
za  b
2 2a
16. Solve the equation p q  x y
2 2

Solution
p x  yq  a
2 2

p  a  x, q  y  a
dz  pdx  qdy  a  x dx  y  a dy
integrating 2 3 3
z  (a  x)  ( y  a)  b
2 2
3
Equations reducible to the standard forms
m n
(i)If ( x p ) and ( y q ) occur in the pde as in
F ( x p, y q)  0 Or in F ( z, x p, y q)  0
m n m n

1 n
Case (a)
1 m
Put x  X and y Y
if m  1 ; n  1
z z X z m
p   (1  m) x
x X x X
z z Y z
q   (1  n) y  n
y Y x Y
 z
x p
m
(1  m)  P (1  m)
X
z
y q
n
(1  n)  Q (1  n)
Y
z z
where  P, Q
X Y

Then F ( x m p, y n q)  0 reduces to F ( P, Q)  0

Similarly F ( z , x m
p, y q)  0 reduces
n
F ( z , P, Q )  0
to
case(b)
If m  1 or n 1
put log x  X , log y  Y
z 1
p  px  P
X x
z 1
q  qy  Q
Y y
k k k k
(ii)If ( z p) and ( z q) occur in pde as in F ( z p, z q )
Or in f1 ( x, z p)  f 2 ( y, z q)
k k
 1 k
Case(a) Put z  Z if k  1
z z Z k  `1 Z  `1
  z (1  k )  z p  (1  k ) P
k

x Z x x
z z Z k  `1 Z  `1
  z (1  k )  z q  (1  k ) Q
k

y Z y y
Z Z
where  P, Q
x y
Given pde reduces to

F ( P, Q) and f1 ( x, P)  f 2 ( y, Q)
 Case(b) if k  1
log z  Z
z z Z Z 1
 z z pP
x Z x x
z z Z Z 1
  z  z qQ
y Z y y

Solved Problems
1.Solve p x q y  z
2 4 2 4 2

2 2
 px   qy 
2 2
Solution       1 .......(1)
 z   z 
   
 m  2, n  2
k  1
1
x X 1 y  Y log z  Z
z z Z X  2 Z 2
p    zx   zx P
x Z X x X
z z Z Y  2 Z 2
q    zy   zy Q
y Z Y y Y
Z Z
where  P, Q
X Y
 2 2
px qy
  P,  Q
z z
(1)becomes
  P 2
   Q  1
2

P Q 1
2 2

 Z  aX  bY  c
a  b  1, b 
2 2
1 a 2

log z  ax  1  a y  c
2 2 2
2. Solve the pde p  q  z (x  y )
2 2 2 2 2

SOLUTION
2 2
 p q
      ( x  y ).....(1)
2 2

 z z
k  1 log z  Z
z z Z Z 1
 z z pP
x Z x x
z z Z Z 1
 z  z qQ
y Z y y
 Eq(1) becomes
P  Q  ( x  y ).....( 2)
2 2 2 2

P  x  y Q  a
2 2 2 2 2

2
a 1  x  x 2
log z  sinh    (a  x ) 
2

2 a 2
y (y  a ) a
2 2
1  y 
2
 cosh    b
2 2 a
Problem 3

Find the complete solution of pqxy  z 2

Solution:
Given ( x p ) ( y q )  z 2    (1)
Put X  log x , Y  log y

z z X z 1
p  . 
x X x X x
z
 xp
X
z
(i.e.) x p  P where P 
X
Department of Applied Mathematics 84
  z  z Y z 1
q  . 
 y Y  y Y y
z z
 yq  (i.e.) y q  Q where Q 
Y Y
Equation (1) becomes

(1)  ( x p ) ( y q )  z 2
P Q  z 2      (2)

Let Q = aP Then equation (2) becomes

z
(2)  P.aP  z  P  2

Department of Applied Mathematics 85

  z 
Now, Q  a P  a    a z
 a
Substitute P and Q in the relation
dz = P dX + Q dY
z
dz  d X  a zdY
a
dz
a  d X a dY
z
Integratin g , we get
a log z  X  aY  b
(i.e.) a log z  log x  a log y  b
which is the complete solution.
Department of Applied Mathematics 86
Problem 4
Find the general solution of z2 ( p2  q2 )  x  y

Solution:
Given ( z p) 2  ( z q ) 2  x  y      (1)
Put Z  z 1  1  z 2
Z  z  P  z p where P   Z
 2z
x x 2 x
Z z Q Z
 2z   z q where Q 
y y 2 y
2 2
 P Q
Equation (1) becomes      x y
2 2
Department of Applied Mathematics 87
 (i.e.) P 2  Q 2  4 ( x  y )

 P2  4 x  4 y  Q2  a
Let P 2  4 x  a  P   4x  a

Also 4 y  Q 2  a  Q   4y  a

Substitute p and q in the relation

dz = p dx + q dy

dz   4 x  a dx  4 y  a dy

Department of Applied Mathematics 88

Integratin g we get

(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a) 3 / 2
z  b
4(3 / 2) 4(3 / 2)
(4 x  a) 3 / 2 (4 y  a ) 3 / 2
z   b       (2)
6 6
which is the complete integral.
To find singular integral, Diff. eqn. (2) p.w.r.t. ‘a’ and ‘b’, in
turn, we get
1 1
0   ( 4 x  a )  ( 4 y  a )1 / 2
1/ 2
and 0  1
4 4
The last equation is absurd and shows that there is no
singular integral.

Department of Applied Mathematics 89

 To find general integral, assume b = f(a)
Then equation (2) becomes
(4 x  a ) 3 / 2 (4 y  a ) 3 / 2
z   f (a )      (3)
6 6

Diff. eqn. (3) p.w.r.t. ‘a’, we get

1 1
0   (4 x  a )  (4 y  a )1 / 2  f (a )      (4)
1/ 2

4 4
The eliminant of ‘a’ between equations (3) and (4) gives the
general integral.

Department of Applied Mathematics 90

 Lagrange’s Linear Equation

Def: The linear partial differenfial equation

of first order is called as Lagrange’s linear Equation.

This eq is of the form Pp  Qq  R

Where P, Q and R are functions x,y and z
The general solution of the partial differential
equation Pp  Qq  R is F (u, v)  0

Where F is arbitrary function of u ( x, y, z )  c1

and v( x, y, z )  c2
Here u  c1 and v  c2 are independent solutions
dx dy dz
of the auxilary equations  
P Q R
Solved problems

1.Find the general solution of x 2

p  y 2
q  ( x  y) z
Solution dx dy dz
auxilary equations are 2  2 
x y ( x  y) z
 dx dy
2
 2 Integrating on both sides
x y
u  x  y
1 1
c
1

dx  dy dz

x y
2 2
( x  y) z
d ( x  y) dz

( x  y )( x  y ) ( x  y ) z
d ( x  y ) dz Integrating on both sides

( x  y) z
 log( x  y )  log z  log c2
v  ( x  y ) z 1  c2
The general solution is given by F (u, v)  0
1 1 1
F ( x  y , ( x  y) z )  0
2.solve x ( y  z )  y ( z  x)q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2

solution Auxiliary equations are given by

dx dy dz
 2  2
x ( y  z ) y ( z  x) z ( x  y )
2
 dx dy dz
2
x 2 y z 2
 
( y  z ) ( z  x) ( x  y )
dx dy dz
2
 2  2
x y z
( y  z )  ( z  x)  ( x  y )
dx dy dz
2
 2  2 0
x y z

Integrating on both sides

 1 1 1
u   a
x y z
1 1 1
x dx y dy z dz
 
x( y  z ) y ( z  x) z ( x  y )
1 1 1
x dx  y dy  z dz
x( y  z )  y ( z  x)  z ( x  y )
dx dy dz
   0 Integrating on both sides
x y z
v  xyz  b F ( x 1  y 1  z 1 , xyz )  0
Problem 3 Find the solution of px 2  qy 2  z 2

Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
2
 2  2
x y z
Take 1st and 2nd ratio, we have
dx dy
2
 2
x y
1 1 1 1
Integrating, we get   c1    c1
x y y x
Department of Applied Mathematics 97
 Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have

dy dz
2
 2
y z
Integrating, we get
1 1
  c2
y z
1 1
   c2
z y
Hence the required solution is
1 1 1 1
F   ,    0
 y x z y

Department of Applied Mathematics 98

Problem 4
Solve: x( y  z ) p  y ( z  x) q  z ( x  y )

Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
x ( y  z ) y ( z  x) z ( x  y )
Using multiplier 1/x, 1/y, 1/z and then add, each ratio is
dx dy dz
 
x y z dx dy dz
   0
yzzxx y x y z
Department of Applied Mathematics 99
Integratin g we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x y z )  log c1
 x y z  c1
Using multiplier 1, 1, 1 and then add, each ratio is
dx  dy  dz

xy  xz  yz  yx  zx  zy
 dx  dy  dz  0
Integratin g we get x  y  z  c2
Hence the required solution is F ( xy z , x  y  z )  0

Department of Applied Mathematics 100

Problem 5
Solve: z ( x p  yq )  y 2
 x 2

Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
  2
x z  y z y  x2
Take 1st and 2nd ratio, we have Integrating, we get
dx dy log x   log y  log c1

xz  yz
log x  log y  log c1
dx dy
 (i.e.) x y  c1
x y
Department of Applied Mathematics 101
Using multiplier x,y,z and then add, each ratio is

x dx  y dy  z dz
 2
x z  y2 z  y2 z  x2 z
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get

x2 y2 z2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x  y  z  c2
2 2 2

Hence the required solution is

F ( x y, x  y  z )  0
2 2 2

Department of Applied Mathematics 102

Problem 6
Solve: x( y  z ) p  y ( z  x )q  z ( x  y )
2 2 2 2 2 2

Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
x ( y  z ) y (z  x ) z (x2  y2 )
2 2 2 2

Using multiplier 1/x, 1/y, 1/z and then add, each ratio is
dx dy dz
 
x y z
 2
y  z 2  z 2  x2  x2  y2
Department of Applied Mathematics 103
 dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integratin g we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1
 log( x y z )  log c1
 x y z  c1

Using multiplier x,y,z and then add, each ratio is

x dx  y dy  z dz
 2 2
x y  x2 z 2  y2 z 2  y2 x2  z 2 x2  z2 y2

 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Department of Applied Mathematics 104
 Integrating, we get

x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2
(i.e.) x 2  y 2  z 2  c2
Hence the required solution is
F ( xyz, x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0

Problem 7
Solve: (mz  ny ) p  (nx  lz )q  ly  mx

Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
Department of Applied Mathematics 105
 dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
mz  ny nx  lz ly  mx
Using multiplier l,m,n and then add, each ratio is
ldx  mdy  ndz

lmz  nly  mnx  lmz  nly  nmx

 ldx  mdy  ndz  0

Integratin g we get
lx  my  nz  c1
Department of Applied Mathematics 106
Using multiplier x,y,z and then add, each ratio is
x dx  y dy  z dz

m z x  n xy  n xy  lyz  lyz  m z x
 x dx  y dy  z dz  0
Integrating, we get

x2 y2 z 2
   c2
2 2 2

(i.e.) x  y  z  c2
2 2 2

Hence the required solution is

F (lx  my  nz , x 2  y 2  z 2 )  0
Department of Applied Mathematics 107
 Problem 8
Solve: x( y 2  z ) p  y ( x 2  z )q  z ( x 2  y 2 )
Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
x ( y  z) y ( x  z) z ( x 2  y 2 )
2 2

Using multiplier 1/x, (-1/y), 1/z and then add, each ratio is
dx dy dz
 
x y z
 2
( y  z)  ( x 2  z)  ( x 2  y 2 )
Department of Applied Mathematics 108
 dx dy dz
   0
x y z
Integratin g we get
log x  log y  log z  log c1

 log( x z )  log y  log c1

xz
(i.e.)  c1
y
Using multiplier x,(-y),-1 and then add, each ratio is

x dx  y dy  dz
 2 2
x y  x2 z  x2 y2  y2 z  x2 z  y2 z

Department of Applied Mathematics 109

  x dx  y dy  dz  0
Integrating, we get

x2 y2
  z  c2
2 2
(i.e.) x  y  2 z  c2
2 2

Hence the required solution is

xz 2 
F  , x  y  2 z   0
2

 y 

Department of Applied Mathematics 110

 Problem 9
Solve: ( x 2  y 2  z 2 ) p  2 xy q  2 z x

Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 
x  y z
2 2 2
2 xy 2 z x
Take 2nd and 3rd ratio, we have

dy dz dy dz
  
2x y 2 z x y z

Department of Applied Mathematics 111

 Integrating, we get
log y  log z  log c1

log y  log z  log c1

y
(i.e.)  c1
z
Using multiplier x,y,z and then add, each ratio is

x dx  y dy  z dz

x( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  2 y 2 x  2 z 2 x

x dx  y dy  z dz x dx  y dy  z dz
 3 
x  y xz x
2 2
x( x 2  y 2  z 2 )

Department of Applied Mathematics 112

Equate this to 2nd ratio, we have
x dx  y dy  z dz dy x dx  y dy  z dz dy
  
x( x  y  z )
2 2 2
2 xy x y z
2 2 2
2y
Integratin g we get
1 1
log( x  y  z )  log y  log c 2
2 2 2

2 2

log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2

log( x 2  y 2  z 2 )  log y  log c2

x2  y2  z 2
(i.e.)  c2
y
Department of Applied Mathematics 113
 Hence the required solution is
 y x2  y2  z2 
F  ,   0
z y 
Problem 10
Solve: ( x 2  y z ) p  ( y 2  z x) q  z 2  x y

Solution:
This is Lagrange’s linear PDE of the form Pp + Qq =R
dx dy dz
A . E. are  
P Q R
dx dy dz
 2  2
x yz y zx z xy
2

Department of Applied Mathematics 114

 dx  dy
Each ratio  (Subtracting 1st and 2nd ratio)
( x 2  y z )  ( y 2  z x)
d ( x  y)
 2
( x  y 2 )  ( z x  y z)
d ( x  y)

( x  y )( x  y )  z ( x  y )
d ( x  y)
 -----------(A)
( x  y )( x  y  z )

dy  dz
Each ratio  (Subtracting 2nd and 3rd ratio)
( y 2  z x)  ( z 2  x y )
d ( y  z)
 2
( y  z 2 )  ( x y  z x)
Department of Applied Mathematics 115
 d ( y  z)

( y  z )( y  z )  x( y  z )
d ( y  z)
 ---------(B)
( y  z )( x  y  z )
From (A) and (B) we have
d ( x  y) d ( y  z)

( x  y )( x  y  z ) ( y  z )( x  y  z )
d ( x  y) d ( y  z)
 
( x  y) ( y  z)
Integrating we get

log( x  y )  log( y  z )  log c1 x y

(i.e.)  c1
yz
Department of Applied Mathematics 116
Using multiplier 1,1,1 and then add, each ratio is
dx  dy  dz
Each ratio  2
x  y2  z2  x y  y z  z x
d ( x  y  z)
 2 -------(C)
x  y2  z2  x y  y z  z x
Using multiplier x,y,z and then add, each ratio is

x dx  y dy  z dz
each ratio  3
x  y 3  z 3  3x y z

x dx  y dy  z dz

( x  y  z )( x 2  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x)
---------(D)

Department of Applied Mathematics 117

From (C) and (D)
d ( x  y  z)
x2  y2  z 2  x y  y z  z x
x dx  y dy  z dz

( x  y  z )( x 2  y 2  z 2  x y  y z  z x)

( x  y  z ) d ( x  y  z )  x dx  y dy  z dz
Integrating we get

( x  y  z)2 x 2 y 2 z 2
    c2
2 2 2 2
( x  y  z) 2  x 2  y 2  z 2  c2

Department of Applied Mathematics 118

 x 2  y 2  z 2  2( x y  y z  z x )  x 2  y 2  z 2  c 2

2( x y  y z  z x )  c 2

(i.e.) x y  y z  z x  c2
Hence the required solution is
x y 
F  , x y  y z  z x   0
yz 

Department of Applied Mathematics 119

 The general solution is given by

HOMOGENEOUS LINEAR PDE WITH

CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
Equations in which partial derivatives
occurring are all of same order (with degree
one ) and the coefficients are constants ,such
equations are called homogeneous linear PDE
with constant coefficient
 z n
z n
z n
z n
 a1 n 1  a2 n 2 2  ........an n  F ( x, y )
x n
x y x y y
 
Assume that D  , D  .
x y
th
then n order linear homogeneous equation is
given by
( D  a1 D D  a2 D D  .........  an D ) z  F ( x, y )
n n 1 n2 2 n

or
f ( D, D) z  F ( x, y ).........(1)
The complete solution of equation (1) consists
of two parts ,the complementary function and
particular integral.
The complementary function is complete
solution of equation of f ( D, D) z  0
Rules to find complementary function
Consider the equation
 z
2
 z2
 z 2
 k1  k2 0
x 2
xy y 2

or
 
( D  k1 DD  k 2 D ) z  0.............(2)
2 2
The auxiliary equation for (A.E) is given by

 
D  k1 DD  k 2 D  0
2 2

And by givingD  m, D  1
becomes m  k1m  k 2  0....(3)
2
The A.E

Case 1
If the equation(3) has two distinct roots m1 , m2
The complete solution of (2) is given by

z  f1 ( y  m1 x)  f 2 ( y  m2 x)
Case 2
If the equation(3) has two equal roots i.e m1  m2
The complete solution of (2) is given by
z  f1 ( y  m1 x )  xf 2 ( y  m1 x)
Rules to find the particular Integral
Consider the equation

( D  k1 DD  k 2 D ) z  F ( x, y )
2 2

f ( D, D) z  F ( x, y )
 F ( x, y )
Particular Integral (P.I) 
f ( D, D)
ax  by
Case 1 If F ( x, y )  e
1 ax  by
then P.I= e
f ( D, D)
1
 e axby , f (a, b)  0
f ( a, b)
a
If f (a, b)  0 and ( D  D) is
b
factor of f ( D, D) then
 ax  by
P.I  xe
a
If f (a, b)  0 and ( D  D) 2 is
factor of f ( D , D ) b
2
x ax by
then P.I  e
2
Case 2

F ( x, y )  sin( mx  ny )or cos( mx  ny )

sin( mx  ny ) sin( mx  ny )
P.I  
f ( D , DD, D ) f (m ,mn,n )
2 2 2 2
Case 3 F ( x, y )  x y
m n

1
x y   f ( D, D) x y
1 m n
P.I  m n

f ( D, D)
Expand  f ( D, D) 1 in ascending powers of
D or D  m n
and operating on x y term by term.

Case 4 when F ( x, y ) is any function of x

and y. 1
P.I= F ( x, y )
f ( D, D)
1
F ( x, y )   F ( x, c  mx)dx
D  mD
 Here ( D  mD) is factor of f ( D, D)

Where ‘c’ is replaced by ( y  mx) after integration

Solved problems
1.Find the solution of pde
( D  D  3DD  3D D) z  0
3
 3
 2 2

Solution
The Auxiliary equation is given by
 Solution
The Auxiliary equation is given by
m 3  1  3m  3m 2  0
By takingD  m, D  1
 m  1,1,1.
Complete solution  f1 ( y  x)  xf 2 ( y  x)  x f 3 ( y  x)
2

2. Solve the pde ( D 3  4 D 2 D  5DD) z  0

Solution
The Auxiliary equation is given by
 m  4 m  5m  0
3 2

 m  0,1,5
z  f1 ( y )  f 2 ( y  x )  f 3 ( y  5 x )
3. Solve the pde ( D 2  D2 ) z  0

Solution
the A.E is given by m 1  0
2

m  i
 z  f1 ( y  ix )  f 2 ( y  ix )
4. Find the solution of pde

( D  3DD  4 D ) z  e
2 2 2 x4 y

Solution
Complete solution =
Complementary Function + Particular Integral

The A.E is given by m  3m  4  0

2

m  4,1
C.F  1 ( y  x)  2 ( y  4 x)
 2 x4 y 2 x4 y
e e
P.I  2 
D  3DD  4 D 2
 36

Complete solution

 C.F  P.I
2 x4 y
e
 1 ( y  x)  2 ( y  4 x) 
36
5.Solve ( D  3DD  2 D ) z  e
3 3 2 x y
e x y

Solution
A.E  m  3m  2
3

 m  1,1,2.
C.F  1 ( y  x)  x2 ( y  x)  3 ( y  2 x)
2 x y 2 x y
e e
P.I1  3 
D  3DD  2 D ( D  D) ( D  2 D)
2 3 2 2
 2 x y
e x 2 x y
P.I1   e
( D  D) ( D  2 D) 9
2

x y x y
e e
P.I 2  3 
D  3DD  2 D ( D  D) ( D  2 D)
2 3 2 2

2
x x y
 P.I 2  e
6

z  C.F  P.I1  P.I 2

 2
x 2 x y x x y
z  1 ( y  x)  x2 ( y  x)  3 ( y  2 x)  e  e
9 6
6.Solve ( D 2  DD) z  cos x cos 2 y

Solution
1
( D  DD) z   cos( x  2 y )  cos( x  2 y )
2

2
A.E  m  1  0
2

m  1
C.F  1 ( y  x)  2 ( y  x)
 cos( x  2 y ) cos( x  2 y )
P.I1  2   cos( x  2 y )
( D  DD) (( 1)  (2))
cos( x  2 y ) cos( x  2 y ) cos( x  2 y )
P.I 2  2  
( D  DD) (( 1)  (2)) 3
1
z  1 ( y  x)  2 ( y  x)  cos( x  2 y )  cos( x  2 y )
3

7.Solve
2
 
( D  DD  6 D ) z  x y
2 2 2

Solution A.E  m 2  m  6  0
m  2,3.
 C.F  1 ( y  2 x)  2 ( y  3x)
2 2
x y
P.I  2
D  DD  6 D 2

1
1   D D   2 2
2
 2 1    6 2  x y
D  D D 
  D D   D
2 2 2
D  2 2
 D 1    6 2     6 2   x y
2

  D D  D D  

   D  D  2
 D  2
 2 2
 D 1  
2
 D  6 D2    D2  x y
   
  2 x 2
y 2 x 2
 2 x 2

 D x y  
2 2 2
 D  6 D2    D2 
   
  2 x 3
y 2 x 4
 2 x 4

 D x y  
2 2 2
 3  6 12    12 
   
2  2 x 3
y 2 x 4

 D x y 2 2
8 
 3 12 
 x4 y2 2 x5 y 2x6 
   
 12 60 90 
7.Solve ( D 2  5 DD  6 D2 ) z  y sin x

Solution

A.E is m  5m  6  0
2

m  3, m  2.
C.F  1 ( y  3 x)  2 ( y  2 x)
 y sin x y sin x
P.I  2 
D  5 DD   6 D  2
( D  3D)( D  2 D)
1  y sin x 
  
 
( D  3D )  ( D  2 D ) 
1
here

( D  3D)  ( a  2 x ) sin xdx
 a  y  2x
1
   a cos x  2( x cos x  sin x)
( D  3D)
1
  2 x cos x  2 sin x  ( y  2 x) cos x 
( D  3D)
 1
   y cos x  2 sin x
( D  3D)
here
  ((b  3x) cos x  2 sin x)dx
 b  y  3x 
 b sin x  2 cos x  3( x sin x  cos x)
 ( y  3x) sin x  2 cos x  3( x sin x  cos x)
 5 cos x  y sin x
Problem 8
Solve ( D  7 DD  6 D ) z  e
2x y
3 2 3
 sin( x  2 y )

Solution:
A.E. is m3 – 7m – 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

m = –1 is a root
The other roots are
m2 – m – 6 = 0

( m – 3)(m + 2) = 0

m = 3, –2

m = –1, –2, 3 C.F  f 1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3 x)

Department of Applied Mathematics 142
 1 2x y
P. I1  3 e
D  7 DD 2  6 D3
1 2x  y
 e
(2) 3  7(2)(1) 2  6(1) 3
1 2x y
 e
12
1
P. I 2  3 sin( x  2 y )
D  7 DD  6 D
2 3

1
 sin( x  2 y )
 D  7 D(4)  6(4 D )

1
 sin( x  2 y )
27 D  24 D 
Department of Applied Mathematics 143
 1
 sin( x  2 y )
3(9 D  8D )

9D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3(9 D  8 D )(9 D  8D )

9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3(81D  64 D )
2 2

9 D  8D
 sin( x  2 y )
3[81(1)  64(4)]

9 D[sin( x  2 y )]  8 D[sin( x  2 y )]

525

Department of Applied Mathematics 144

 1
 [9 cos( x  2 y )  16 cos( x  2 y )]
525
1
 [7 cos( x  2 y )]
525

1
 cos( x  2 y )
75
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2

(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  2 x)  f 3 ( y  3x)
1 2x  y 1
 e  cos( x  2 y )
12 75

Department of Applied Mathematics 145

Problem 9
Solve ( D  D D  DD  D ) z  e
2x  y
3 2 2 3
 cos( x  y )

Solution:
A.E. is m 3 + m2 – m – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

m2(m + 1) –1(m + 1) = 0
(m + 1)(m2 – 1) = 0
m = –1, m2 = 1
m1
m = 1, –1, –1

C. F  f 1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  x f 3 ( y  x)
Department of Applied Mathematics 146
 1 2x  y
P. I1  3 e
D  D 2 D  DD 2  D3
1 2x  y
 e
(2) 3  (2) 2 (1)  (2)(1) 2  (1) 3
1 2x  y
 e
9
1
P.I 2  cos( x  y )
D  D D  DD  D
3 2 2 3

1
 cos( x  y )
 D  D  D  D
Since the denominator = 0, we have
1
 cos( x  y ) to multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr.
0 w.r.t.‘D’

Department of Applied Mathematics 147

 x
 cos( x  y )
3D  2 DD  D
2 2

x
 cos( x  y )
3(1)  2(1)  (1)

x
  cos( x  y )
4
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2

(i.e.) z  f 1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  x f 3 ( y  x)
1 2x  y x
 e  cos( x  y )
9 4

Department of Applied Mathematics 148

Problem 10
Solve (4 D 2  4 DD  D 2 ) z  e 3 x  2 y  sin x

Solution:
A.E. is 4m2 – 4m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(2m – 1)2 = 0
1 1
m ,
2 2
 1   1 
C. F .  f 1  y  x   x f 2  y  x 
 2   2 
1 3x  2 y
P.I1 = e
4 D 2  4 DD  D 2
Department of Applied Mathematics 149
 1 3x  2 y
 e
4(3) 2  4(3)( 2)  (2) 2
1 3x  2 y
 e
64
1
P.I2 = sin( x  0 y )
4 D  4 DD   D
2 2

1
 sin( x  0 y )
4(1)  0  0
1
  sin x
4
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
 1   1  1 1
(i.e.) z  f1  y  x   x f 2  y  x   e 3 x  2 y  sin x
 2   2  64 4
Department of Applied Mathematics 150
Problem 11
Solve ( D 2  2 DD  D  2 ) z  x 2 y  e x  y

Solution:
A.E. is m2 + 2m + 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m + 1)(m + 1) = 0
m = –1, –1

C. F .  f 1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)
1 x y
P.I1 = 2 e
D  2 DD   D  2
Since the denominator = 0, we have
1 x y
 2 e to multiply x on Nr. and Diff. Dr.
(1)  2(1)( 1)  (1) 2 w.r.t.‘D’

Department of Applied Mathematics 151

 x
 ex y
2 D  2 D
x2 x y
 e
2
1 2
P.I2 = x y
D  2 DD  D
2 2

1
 x 2
y
2 2 DD   D  
2
D 1  2 
 D 
1
1   2 DD  D 2  1   2 DD  D 2  2
 2 1   2
 2
x y  2 1   2
 x y
D   D  D   D 

Department of Applied Mathematics 152

 1  2 D  2
 2 1  D  x y
D

1  2 2 D 2 
 2 ( x y )  D ( x y )
D

1  2 2 2 
 2  x y  D ( x )
D

1  2 2 x3 
 2 x y  
D  3 

1  x3 y 2x 4 
   
D 3 12 

Department of Applied Mathematics 153

 x4 y x5
 
12 30
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2
2 4 5
x x y x y x
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  x f 2 ( y  x)  e  
2 12 30
Problem 12
Solve ( D  3DD  4 D ) z  x  sin y
2 2

Solution:
A.E. is m2 + 3m – 4 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 1)(m + 4) = 0
m = 1, – 4  C. F .  f 1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  4 x)
Department of Applied Mathematics 154
 P.I1 = 1
x
D  3DD  4 D
2 2

1
 x
 3DD   4 D   2
D 1 
2
2 
 D 
1
1   3DD   4 D  2

 2 1   2
 x
D   D 
1   3DD  4 D 2 
 2 1   2
 x
D   D 
1 1  x2  3
 2  x  0     x
D D2 6
Department of Applied Mathematics 155
 1
P.I2 = sin( 0 x  y )
D  3DD  4 D 
2 2

1
 sin( 0 x  y )
0  0  4(1)
1
 sin y
4
z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2

x3 1
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  4 x)   sin y
6 4

Department of Applied Mathematics 156

Problem 13 2
 z 2z 2z
Solve   2 2  sinh( x  y )  xy
2
x  xy y
Solution:

The given equation can be written as

( D 2  DD  2 D 2 ) z  sinh( x  y )  xy
A.E. is m2 + m – 2 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m + 2)(m – 1) = 0

m = –2, 1

C.F .  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  x)

Department of Applied Mathematics 157

 1
P.I1 = 2 sinh( x  y )
D  DD  2 D 2

1  e x y  e  ( x y ) 
 2
D  DD  2 D 2  2 


1  1 x y 1  xy 
  2 e  2 e 
2  D  DD  2 D 2
D  DD  2 D 2

1  1 x y 1  xy 
  (1) 2  (1)(1)  2(1) 2 e  (1) 2  (1)( 1)  2(1) 2 e 
2  

Since the denominator = 0, we have to multiply x on Nr.

and Diff. Dr. w.r.t. ‘D’ we get

Department of Applied Mathematics 158

 1 x x y x  xy 
  e  e 
2  2 D  D 2 D  D

1  x x y x 
  e  e x y 
2  2 1  2 1 
x x y x  x  y
 e  e
6 6
1
P.I2 = xy
D  DD  2 D
2 2

1
 xy
2 DD  2 D 
2
D 1  2 
 D 
Department of Applied Mathematics 159
 1
1   DD  2 D 2

 2 1   2
 xy
D   D 

1   DD  2 D 2 
 2 1   2
 xy
D   D 
1  D 
 2 1  D  xy
D
1  D 
 2  ( xy )  ( xy ) 
D D

1  1 
 2  xy  D ( x)
D

Department of Applied Mathematics 160

 1  x2 
 2  xy  
D  2

1  x2 y x3 
   
D 2 6

x3 y x 4
 
6 24

z = C.F + P.I1 + P.I2

x x  y x  x  y x3 y x4
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  x)  e  e  
6 6 6 24

Department of Applied Mathematics 161

Problem 14 2
 z 2z 2z
Solve 5  6 2  y sin x
2
x  xy y
Solution:
The given equation can be written as

( D 2  5DD  6 D 2 ) z  y sin x
A.E. is m2 – 5m + 6 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

(m – 2)(m – 3) = 0

m = 2, 3

C. F .  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  3 x)

Department of Applied Mathematics 162

 1
P.I = y sin x
D  5 DD  6 D
2 2

1
 y sin x
( D  2 D) ( D  3D)

1  1 
  y sin x 
D  2 D   D  3D 
1

D  2 D  (c  3x) sin x dx where y = c – 3x

1
  (c  3x)( cos x)  (3)(  sin x)
D  2 D

Department of Applied Mathematics 163

 1
 [ y cos x  3 sin x]
D  2 D
  [(c  2 x) cos x  3 sin x] dx where y = c – 2x

  [ (c  2 x)(sin x)  (2)(  cos x)]  3( cos x)

  y sin x  2 cos x  3 cos x

 5 cos x  y sin x

z = C.F + P.I

(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  2 x)  f 2 ( y  3 x)  5 cos x  y sin x

Department of Applied Mathematics 164

Problem 15
 x y
Solve ( D  D ) z  e sin( 2 x  3 y )
2 2

Solution:

A.E. is m2 – 1 = 0 [Put D = m and D′ = 1]

m2 = 1
m1

C. F .  f 1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x )
1 x y
P.I = e sin( 2 x  3 y )
D  D
2 2

x y 1
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
( D  1)  ( D  1)
2 2

Department of Applied Mathematics 165

 x y 1
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
D  2 D  1  D  2 D  1
2 2

x y 1
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
D  2 D  D  2 D
2 2

x y 1
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
 4  2 D  (9)  2 D

x y 1
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
2( D  D)  5

x y [2( D  D)  5]
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
[2( D  D)  5][ 2( D  D)  5]

Department of Applied Mathematics 166

 x y [2( D  D)  5]
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
4( D  D)  25
2

x y [2( D  D)  5]
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
4( D  2 DD  D )  25
2 2

x y [2( D  D)  5]
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
4[( 4)  2(6)  (9)]  25

x y [2( D  D)  5]
e sin( 2 x  3 y )
 125

x y 2 D[sin( 2 x  3 y )]  2 D[sin( 2 x  3 y )]  5 sin( 2 x  3 y )

e
 125
Department of Applied Mathematics 167
 ex y
 [4 cos( 2 x  3 y )  6 cos( 2 x  3 y )  5 sin( 2 x  3 y )]
125

ex y
 [10 cos( 2 x  3 y )  5 sin( 2 x  3 y )]
125

ex y
 [sin( 2 x  3 y )  2 cos( 2 x  3 y )]
25

z = C.F + P.I

ex y
(i.e.) z  f1 ( y  x)  f 2 ( y  x)  [sin( 2 x  3 y )  2 cos( 2 x  3 y )]
25

Department of Applied Mathematics 168