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Blood Collection

The document discusses proper blood collection techniques including using gloves and cleaning cuts to avoid contamination, describes different collection methods such as capillary, venous and arterial puncture and their advantages/disadvantages, and covers anticoagulants used in blood collection and preparation of blood films.

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358 views22 pages

Blood Collection

The document discusses proper blood collection techniques including using gloves and cleaning cuts to avoid contamination, describes different collection methods such as capillary, venous and arterial puncture and their advantages/disadvantages, and covers anticoagulants used in blood collection and preparation of blood films.

Uploaded by

Megbaru
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Blood collection

Blood collection
 Blood must be collected with care and adequate safety
precautions:
 Reliable test results
 contamination of the sample is avoided
 infection from blood transmissible pathogens is prevented

N.B All material of human origin should be regarded as capable of


transmitting infection
 wear disposable rubber gloves
 cover any cuts, abrasions or skin breaks on the hand with
adhesive tape and wear gloves
Collection….
 If needle stick injury encountered
 Remove glove
 Squeeze the wound
 Flash with running water
 Scrub the wound with 0.1% NaOCl
 Three general procedures
 Skin puncture
 Venipuncture
 Arterial puncture
Capillary blood collection
 Capillary blood (peripheral blood / microblood samples)
 when only small quantities of blood are required
e.g. Hgb quantitation, WBC and RBC counts
 blood smear preparation
 when venipuncture is impractical
e.g. infants, sever burns, extreme obesity
 Intravenous medication
Capillary….
 Sites of Puncture
 Adults and children
 palmar surface of the tip of the ring or middle finger
 free margin of the ear lobe.
 Infants:
 plantar surface of the big toe or the heel.
Capillary..
 Advantages of Capillary Blood
 It is obtained with ease
 for peripheral blood film preparation(no anticoagulant is
added that
 affect cell morphology)
 Disadvantages of Capillary Blood
 Only small amounts of blood can be obtained
 Platelet count can not be performed
 Precision is poorer (variation in blood flow and dilution
with interstitial fluid)
 Blood in microtubes frequently hemolyses
Venous Blood Collection
 for tests that require anticoagulation or larger quantities of
blood, plasma or serum
 Sites of Puncture
 The veins in the antecubital fossa of the arm are the
 cephalic, median cephalic & median basilic
 In infants and children
 external jugular vein in the neck region
 the femoral vein in the inguinal area
Venous….
 Advantages of Venous Blood
 provide sufficient amount of blood/repeated tests
 Aliquots of the specimen (plasma and serum) may be
frozen for future reference.
 It reduces the possibility of error resulting from dilution
with interstitial fluid
Venous….

 Disadvantages of Venous Blood


 lengthy procedure that requires more preparation
 technically difficult in children, obese individuals and in
patients in shock.
 Needs anticoagulants
 Hematoma (or blood clot formation inside or outside the
veins)
Difference between peripheral & venous Blood
High in peripheral High in venous
 platelet count higher by
 Slightly greater: PCV, RBC
9% in venous than
count and Hgb peripheral blood
 8%: total WBC &
neutrophil counts
 12%: monocyte count by
Arterial puncture
 Arterial blood is used to measure oxygen and carbon dioxide
tension, and to measure pH
 These blood gas measurements are critical in assessment of
oxygenation problems
 pneumonia, pneumonitis, pulmonary embolism
 Arterial punctures are
 technically more difficult
Anticoagulants
anticoagulants
a. Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)
 the standard hematology anticoagulant
 very efficient and complete anticoagulation
 Lack of effect on the size (morphology) or number of blood
cells
 preferred anticoagulant for cell counts and morphological
studies
 especially for platelet counts and platelet function tests
/prevents platelet aggregation
 Action: chelating ionic calcium

 1.5±0.25mg of Na2 or K3 EDTA/1ml of blood (e.g. 0.02ml of


10% (W/V) solution of K3EDTA is used for 1ml of blood).
Anticoagulants
b. Trisodium Citrate
 combines with calcium, thereby
 Prothrombin X
thrombin
 1:9 and 1:4 for ESR
c. Balanced or double oxalate
 bind and precipitate calcium as calcium oxalate
 3 parts of ammonium oxalate is balanced with 2 parts of
potassium oxalate (neither salt is suitable by itself)
 1-2mg/ml of blood
Anticoagulants…
d. Heparin
 an excellent natural anticoagulant extracted from mammalian
liver or pancreas
 Action: inactivating thrombin,

 fibrinogen X fibrin
 best when absolute minimal hemolysis is required (e.g., OFT
and HC determination)
 unsatisfactory for leucocyte and platelet counts /cell clumping
 blood film preparation -diffuse blue background
 0.1-0.2mg of the dry salt for 1ml of blood.
Blood Film Preparation
Preparation of blood film
Desirable qualities of a thin blood film
 sufficient working area.
 Acceptable morphology within working area
 Gradual transition to thickness from the thick to thin areas
terminating in a feather like edge.
 No ridges, holes or waves
 Smooth &b continuous margins
 The minimum length of the film should be 3.0cm
(approximately 3/4th of the length of the slide.

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