Scribd
Upload
152 views40 pages

Maximum and Minimum Values: Partial Derivatives

1) The document discusses using partial derivatives to find maxima and minima of functions of two variables. It defines local/absolute maxima and minima and critical points. 2) The Second Derivative Test provides criteria to determine if a critical point corresponds to a local max/min based on the signs of the second partial derivatives at that point. 3) Examples apply these concepts by finding critical points, classifying them using the Second Derivative Test, and locating the absolute maximum/minimum values.

Uploaded by

Dr. Pankaj Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
152 views40 pages

Maximum and Minimum Values: Partial Derivatives

1) The document discusses using partial derivatives to find maxima and minima of functions of two variables. It defines local/absolute maxima and minima and critical points. 2) The Second Derivative Test provides criteria to determine if a critical point corresponds to a local max/min based on the signs of the second partial derivatives at that point. 3) Examples apply these concepts by finding critical points, classifying them using the Second Derivative Test, and locating the absolute maximum/minimum values.

Uploaded by

Dr. Pankaj Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 40

PARTIAL DERIVATIVES

Maximum and
Minimum Values

In this section, we will learn how to:


Use partial derivatives to locate
maxima and minima of functions of two variables.
LOCAL MAX. & LOCAL MAX. VAL. Definition 1

A function of two variables has a local


maximum at (a, b) if f(x, y) ≤ f(a, b) when
(x, y) is near (a, b).
This means that f(x, y) ≤ f(a, b) for all points
(x, y) in some disk with center (a, b).

 The number f(a, b) is called a local maximum value.


LOCAL MIN. & LOCAL MIN. VALUE Definition 1

If f(x, y) ≥ f(a, b) when (x, y) is near (a, b),


then f has a local minimum at (a, b).

f(a, b) is a local minimum value.


ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM & MINIMUM

If the inequalities in Definition 1 hold for


all points (x, y) in the domain of f, then f has
an absolute maximum (or absolute minimum)
at (a, b).
LOCAL MAXIMUM & MINIMUM Theorem 2

If f has a local maximum or minimum at (a, b)


and the first-order partial derivatives of f exist
there, then

fx(a, b) = 0 and fy(a, b) = 0


CRITICAL POINT

A point (a, b) is called a critical point


(or stationary point) of f if either:

 fx(a, b) = 0 and fy(a, b) = 0

 One of these partial derivatives does not exist.


CRITICAL POINTS

Theorem 2 says that, if f has a local


maximum or minimum at (a, b), then
(a, b) is a critical point of f.
CRITICAL POINTS

However, as in single-variable calculus,


not all critical points give rise to maxima
or minima.

 At a critical point, a function could have


a local maximum or a local minimum or neither.
LOCAL MINIMUM Example 1

Let f(x, y) = x2 + y2 – 2x – 6y + 14

Then, fx(x, y) = 2x – 2
fy(x, y) = 2y – 6

 These partial derivatives are equal to 0


when x = 1 and y = 3.
 So, the only critical point is (1, 3).
LOCAL MINIMUM Example 1

By completing the square, we find:

f(x, y) = 4 + (x – 1)2 + (y – 3)2

 Since (x – 1)2 ≥ 0 and (y – 3)2 ≥ 0, we have


f(x, y) ≥ 4 for all values of x and y.

 So, f(1, 3) = 4 is a local minimum.

 In fact, it is the absolute minimum of f.


LOCAL MINIMUM Example 1

This can be confirmed geometrically from


the graph of f, which is the elliptic paraboloid
with vertex (1, 3, 4).
EXTREME VALUES Example 2

Find the extreme values of


f(x, y) = y2 – x2

 Since fx = –2x and fy = –2y,


the only critical point is (0, 0).
EXTREME VALUES Example 2

Notice that, for points on the x-axis,


we have y = 0.

 So, f(x, y) = –x2 < 0 (if x ≠ 0).

For points on the y-axis, we have x = 0.

 So, f(x, y) = y2 > 0 (if y ≠ 0).


EXTREME VALUES Example 2

Thus, every disk with center (0, 0) contains


points where f takes positive values as well
as points where f takes negative values.

 So, f(0, 0) = 0 can’t be an extreme value for f.

 Hence, f has no extreme value.


MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES

Example 2 illustrates the fact that


a function need not have a maximum or
minimum value at a critical point.
SADDLE POINT

So, (0, 0) is called a saddle point of f.


EXTREME VALUE AT CRITICAL POINT

We need to be able to determine whether


or not a function has an extreme value at
a critical point.

The following test is analogous to the Second


Derivative Test for functions of one variable.
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Theorem 3

Suppose that:

 The second partial derivatives of f are


continuous on a disk with center (a, b).

 fx(a, b) = 0 and fy(a, b) = 0


[that is, (a, b) is a critical point of f].
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Theorem 3

Let D = D(a, b)
= fxx(a, b) fyy(a, b) – [fxy(a, b)]2

a) If D > 0 and fxx(a, b) > 0, f(a, b) is a local minimum.

b) If D > 0 and fxx(a, b) < 0, f(a, b) is a local


maximum.

c) If D < 0, f(a, b) is not a local maximum or


minimum.
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Note 1

In case c,
 The point (a, b) is called a saddle point of f .

 The graph of f crosses its tangent plane at (a, b).


SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Note 2

If D = 0, the test gives no


information:

 f could have a local maximum or local


minimum at (a, b), or (a, b) could be
a saddle point of f.
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Example 3

Find the local maximum and minimum


values and saddle points of

f(x, y) = x4 + y4 – 4xy + 1
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Example 3

We first locate the critical points:

fx = 4x3 – 4y

fy = 4y3 – 4x
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Example 3

Setting these partial derivatives equal to 0,


we obtain:
x3 – y = 0
y3 – x = 0

 To solve these equations, we substitute y = x3


from the first equation into the second one.
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Example 3

So, there are three real roots:


x = 0, 1, –1

 The three critical points are:

(0, 0), (1, 1), (–1, –1)


SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Example 3

Next, we calculate the second partial


derivatives and D(x, y):

fxx = 12x2 fxy = – 4 fyy = 12y2

D(x, y) = fxx fyy – (fxy)2


= 144x2y2 – 16
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Example 3

As D(0, 0) = –16 < 0, it follows from case c


of the Second Derivatives Test that the origin
is a saddle point.

 That is, f has no local maximum or minimum


at (0, 0).
SECOND DERIVATIVES TEST Example 3

As D(1, 1) = 128 > 0 and fxx(1, 1) = 12 > 0,


we see from case a of the test that f(1, 1) = –1
is a local minimum.

Similarly, we have D(–1, –1) = 128 > 0


and fxx(–1, –1) = 12 > 0.

 So f(–1, –1) = –1 is also a local minimum.


MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

Find and classify the critical points of


the function
f(x, y) = 10x2y – 5x2 – 4y2 – x4 – 2y4

Also, find the highest point on the graph of f.


MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

The first-order partial derivatives


are:

fx = 20xy – 10x – 4x3

fy = 10x2 – 8y – 8y3
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES E. g. 4—Eqns. 4 & 5

So, to find the critical points, we need to


solve the equations

2x(10y – 5 – 2x2) = 0

5x2 – 4y – 4y3 = 0
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

From Equation 4, we see that


either:

 x=0

 10y – 5 – 2x2 = 0
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

In the first case (x = 0), Equation 5


becomes:
–4y(1 + y2) = 0

So, y = 0, and we have the critical point (0, 0).


MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES E. g. 4—Equation 6

In the second case (10y – 5 – 2x2 = 0),


we get:
x2 = 5y – 2.5

 Putting this in Equation 5, we have:

25y – 12.5 – 4y – 4y3 = 0


MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES E. g. 4—Equation 7

So, we have to solve the cubic


equation

4y3 – 21y + 12.5 = 0


MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

Using a graphing calculator or computer


to graph the function
g(y) = 4y3 – 21y + 12.5
we see Equation 7
has three real
roots.
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

Zooming in, we can find the roots to four


decimal places:
y ≈ –2.5452 y ≈ 0.6468 y ≈ 1.8984

 Alternatively,
we could have
used Newton’s
method or
a rootfinder to
locate these roots.
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

From Equation 6, the corresponding x-values


are given by:

 If y ≈ –2.5452, x has no corresponding real values.

 If y ≈ 0.6468, x ≈ ± 0.8567

 If y ≈ 1.8984, x ≈ ± 2.6442
MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

So, we have a total of five critical points,


which are analyzed in the chart.

 All quantities are rounded to two decimal places.


MAXIMUM & MINIMUM VALUES Example 4

Comparing the values of f at its local


maximum points, we see that the absolute
maximum value of f is:
f(± 2.64, 1.90) ≈ 8.50

 That is, the highest points


on the graph of f are:
(± 2.64, 1.90, 8.50)

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy