TSUNAMI

MARIA ALICIA PEREZ ,LPT

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING

1. What happens to two continental plates when they converge?

2. What happens to two oceanic plates when they converge?

3. What happens to oceanic and continental plates when they converge?

4. What happens to oceanic and continental plates when they diverge?

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HOW CAN WE SURVIVE EARTHQUAKE?

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Precautionary Measures before Earthquake

• Make sure you have a fire extinguisher, first aid kit, a battery-powered radio, a flashlight,
and extra batteries at home.
• Learn first aid.
• Learn how to turn off the gas, water, and electricity.
• Make up a plan of where to meet your family after an earthquake.
• Don't leave heavy objects on shelves (they'll fall during a quake).
• Anchor heavy furniture, cupboards, and appliances to the walls or floor.
• Learn the earthquake plan at your school or workplace

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Precautionary Measures during Earthquake

• Stay calm! If you're indoors, stay inside. If you're outside, stay outside.
• If you're indoors, stand against a wall near the center of the building, stand in a doorway, or crawl under
heavy furniture (a desk or table). Stay away from windows and outside doors.
• If you're outdoors, stay in the open away from power lines or anything that might fall. Stay away from
buildings (stuff might fall off the building or the building could fall on you).
• Don't use matches, candles, or any flame. Broken gas lines and fire don't mix.
• If you're in a car, stop the car and stay inside the car until the earthquake stops.
• Don't use elevators (they'll probably get stuck anyway).

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Precautionary Measures after Earthquake
 Check yourself and others for injuries. Provide first aid for anyone who needs it.
 Check water, gas, and electric lines for damage. If any are damaged, shut off the valves. Check for the
smell of gas. If you smell it, open all the windows and doors, leave Immediately, and report it to the
authorities (use someone else's phone).
 Turn on the radio. Don't use the phone unless it's an emergency.
 Stay out of damaged buildings.
 Be careful around broken glass and debris. Wear boots or sturdy shoes to keep from cutting your feet.
 Be careful of chimneys (they may fall on you).
 Stay away from beaches. Tsunamis and seiches sometimes hit after the ground has stopped shaking.
 Stay away from damaged areas.
 If you're at school or work, follow the emergency plan or the instructions of the person in charge.
 Expect aftershocks.

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 WHAT IS A TSUNAMI?
A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that sends surges of water, sometimes reaching heights of over 100 feet
(30.5 meters), onto land. These walls of water can cause widespread destruction when they crash ashore.

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 Tsunami (pronounced soo-NAH-mee) is a
Japanese word. Tsunamis are fairly common
in Japan, and many thousands of Japanese
have been killed by them in recent centuries.

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CAUSES OF TSUNAMI
Earthquake
Volcanic eruption
Underwater explosions
Meteorite impacts

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 SIZE OF TSUNAMI
Tsunamis have an extremely long wavelength up to several hundred miles
long. The period is also very long, about an hour in deep water. In the deep sea,
a tsunami's height can be only about 1 m (3 feet) tall. Tsunamis are often barely
visible when they are in the deep sea. This makes tsunami detection in the deep
sea very difficult.

(wavelength is the distance between the

crest of one wave and the crest of the next
Period wave)
(the time between two
successive waves)
A crest is a point on a surface
wave where the displacement of
the medium is at a maximum.
The amplitude of a wave refers to the
maximum amount of displacement of a
A trough is the opposite of a particle on the medium from its rest
crest, so the minimum or lowest position.
point in a cycle.

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An earthquake generates a tsunami if it is of sufficient force and there is violent movement
of the earth to cause substantial and sudden displacement of a massive amount of water.

A tsunami is not a single wave but a series of waves, also known as a wave train. The first
wave in a tsunami is not necessarily the most destructive. Tsunamis are not tidal waves.

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Differentiate the following
Tsunami
Tidal Wave
Regular Wave

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Tsunami waves can be very long (as much as 60 miles, or 100 kilometers) and
be as far as one hour apart. They are able to cross entire oceans without great
loss of energy. The Indian Ocean tsunami traveled as much as 3,000 miles
(nearly 5,000 kilometers) to Africa, arriving with sufficient force to kill people
and destroy property.

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• Geological features such as reefs, bays, river entrances, and undersea
formations may dissipate the energy of a tsunami. In some places a tsunami
may cause the sea to rise vertically only a few inches or feet. In other places
tsunamis have been known to surge vertically as high as 100 feet (30 meters).
Most tsunamis cause the sea to rise no more than 10 feet (3 meters).

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Where the ocean is deep, tsunamis can travel unnoticed on the surface at
speeds up to 500 miles an hour (800 kilometers an hour), crossing an ocean in
a day or less. Scientists are able to calculate arrival times of tsunamis in
different parts of the world based on their knowledge of water depths,
distances, and when the event that generated them occurred.

Speed = Wavelength x Wave Frequency

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Most tsunamis cause the sea to rise no more than 10 feet (3 meters). The 
Indian Ocean tsunami of December 2004 caused waves as high as 30 feet (9
meters) in some places, according to news reports. In other places witnesses
described a rapid surging of the ocean.

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The December 26, 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was caused by an earthquake
that is thought to have had the energy of 23,000 Hiroshima-type atomic
bombs.
The epicenter of the 9.0 magnitude quake was located in the Indian Ocean near
the west coast of Sumatra

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The violent movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates displaced an enormous amount of
water, sending powerful shock waves in every direction
The tectonic plates in this area had been pushing against each other and building pressure
for thousands of years. They continue to do so and will likely cause underwater earthquakes
and tsunamis in the future.

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The rupture was more than 600 miles long, displacing the seafloor by 10 yards horizontally
and several yards vertically. As a result, trillions of tons of rock moved, causing the largest
magnitude earthquake in 40 years.
Within hours of the earthquake, killer waves radiating from the epicenter slammed into the
coastlines of 11 countries, damaging countries from east Africa to Thailand.

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The Indian Ocean tsunami traveled as far as 3,000 miles to Africa and still
arrived with sufficient force to kill people and destroy property.
Many people in Indonesia reported that they saw animals fleeing for high
ground minutes before the tsunami arrived – very few animal bodies were
found afterward.
The tsunami resulted in at least 227,898 fatalities.

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The most damaging tsunami on record before 2004 was the one that killed an estimated
40,000 people in 1782 following an earthquake in the South China Sea. In 1883 some
36,500 people were killed by tsunamis in the South Java Sea, following the eruption of
Indonesia's Krakatoa volcano. In northern Chile more than 25,000 people were killed by a
tsunami in 1868.

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The Pacific is by far the most active tsunami zone, according to the U.S. National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). But tsunamis have been generated in other
bodies of water, including the Caribbean and Mediterranean Seas, and the Indian and
Atlantic Oceans. North Atlantic tsunamis included the tsunami associated with the 1775 
Lisbon earthquake that killed as many as 60,000 people in Portugal, Spain, and North
Africa. This quake caused a tsunami as high as 23 feet (7 meters) in the Caribbean.

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Warning Signs

An earthquake is a natural tsunami warning. If you feel a strong quake do not stay in a place
where you are exposed to a tsunami. If you hear of an earthquake be aware of the possibility
of a tsunami and listen to the radio or television for additional information. Remember that
an earthquake can trigger killer waves thousands of miles across the ocean many hours after
the event generated a tsunami.

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Witnesses have reported that an approaching tsunami is sometimes preceded by a noticeable
fall or rise in the water level. If you see the ocean receding unusually rapidly or far it's a
good sign that a big wave is on its way. Go to high ground immediately.

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Many people were killed by the Indian Ocean tsunami because they went down to the beach
to view the retreating ocean exposing the seafloor. Experts believe that a receding ocean
may give people as much as five minutes' warning to evacuate the area.

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Remember that a tsunami is a series of waves and that the first wave may not be the most
dangerous. The danger from a tsunami can last for several hours after the arrival of the first
wave. A tsunami wave train may come as a series of surges that are five minutes to an hour
apart. The cycle may be marked by a repeated retreat and advance of the ocean.

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Tsunamis can travel up rivers and streams that lead to the ocean. Stay away from rivers and
streams that lead to the ocean as you would stay away from the beach and ocean if there is a
tsunami.

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It's always a good idea to keep a store of emergency supplies that include sufficient
medications, water, and other essentials sufficient for at least 72 hours. Tsunami,
earthquake, hurricane—an emergency can develop with little or no warning.

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Use your common sense. If you feel or hear of a strong earthquake do not wait for an
official tsunami warning. Tell your family and friends to join you in leaving for high
ground.

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ASSIGNMENT

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Complete the table below about the history of Tsunami

PLACE & YEAR MAGNITUDE HEIGHT OF TSUNAMI CASUALTIES

Hawaiian Islands (1868)

Valdivia, Chile (1960)
Vajont Dam, Monte Toc, Italy
(1963)

Alaska USA (1964)

Papua New Guinea (1998)
Indian Ocean (2004)
Pacific Coast of Japan (2011)

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THANK YOU