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Fluid System 05 - Pompa Sentrifugal

A centrifugal pump works by accelerating fluid radially from the center of rotation using an impeller. The fluid flows from the eye of the impeller where it enters axially, then is pushed radially outward by the curved blades of the impeller and discharged. Centrifugal pumps develop head by increasing the kinetic energy of the fluid with the impeller as it spins. Key components include the casing, impeller, and volute. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in industrial applications to pump liquids and gases.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
117 views58 pages

Fluid System 05 - Pompa Sentrifugal

A centrifugal pump works by accelerating fluid radially from the center of rotation using an impeller. The fluid flows from the eye of the impeller where it enters axially, then is pushed radially outward by the curved blades of the impeller and discharged. Centrifugal pumps develop head by increasing the kinetic energy of the fluid with the impeller as it spins. Key components include the casing, impeller, and volute. Centrifugal pumps are commonly used in industrial applications to pump liquids and gases.

Uploaded by

Yose Stynger
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Centrifugal PUMP

Prof. Dr. Ir. Harinaldi, M.Eng


Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering University of Indonesia
Pumping System in an Industry

Centrifugal Pump
Construction and Component
Casing

Volute
- area enlarge along flow direction
- create uniform velocity distribution
Diffuser
- large size centrifugal pump
- guide vanes surround the impeller
- fluid flow decelerated while
directed to enter the volute
Working Principles

pressure

gy
er
ω

en
ti c
ne
Ki
Fluid
Installation
Inlet head : Outlet head : Total head developed by the pump:
pi Vi 2 po Vo2 po  pi Vo2  Vi 2
 Z i  Z o H    Z o Z i 
g 2 g g 2 g g 2g

H  H s   losses
 H s  h fi  h fo  hin  hout

H = manometric head (total energy)


hfi = friction loss at inlet
hfo = friction loss at outlet
Hin = inlet loss
hout = outlet loss
Hs = top–lower water level
HA = lower water level - datum
Persamaan Bernoulli,1738, Daniel
Bernoulli (1700-1782)
p V2
  z  C (konstan sepanjang garis arus)
γ 2g
Ingat asumsi dasar yang digunakan adalah:
1. Efek-efek viskos diabaikan (fluida inviscid)
2. Alirannya tunak (steady)
3. Fluida tak mampu mampat (incompressible fluid))
4. Persamaan hanya dapat digunakan untuk aliran
sepanjang garis arus
Garis Energi dan Garis Tingkat Hidrolik ME2

( Energy Line and Hydraulic Grade Line)


201
3

p V2
  z  konstan sepanjang garis arus  H
γ 2g

Garis Energi (EL)


V22/2g V32/2g V42/2g
V1 /2g 2 Garis Tingkat
Hidraulik (HGL)
p3/γ
p4/γ
p2/γ 4
p1/γ 3
H
Statik
2
1
Titik
stagnasi
o
Q, debit z1 z2 z3 z4

Datum
8
ME22
013

V1 = p1 = 0
EL
1
V22/2g V32/2g

HGL

H = Z1 p2/γ
p3 = 0
2
3
z2 z3
Datum

Garis energi (energi line , EL) dan garis tingkat hidraulik


(hydraulic grade line, HGL) pada aliran sebuah tangki

9
Impeller
Theoretical Assumptions:
 No tangential flow in
the blade passage
 Impeller blades are
infinitely thin
 No Velocity variation ( width)
across impeller width
 Analysis only at inlet
and outlet
 Radial inlet flow
WORKING MACHINE
(Mesin Kerja)
Head and Flow Capacity H - Q
Theoretical Head Rise / Euler Head

h  E 
 U 2C x 2   U1C x1 
g


1
2g
    
C22  C12  U 22  U12  W22  W12 
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate

Q  2r1Cr1b1  2r2Cr 2b2


slip factor : slip
'
C
s  x2
Cx2
a. STODOLA PROPOSAL
C x  e
STODOLA PROPOSAL
If the number of blades is Z, and impeller circumference is
2r2 then the distance between blades is 2r2/Z = 2e/sin 
Then :
Other Slip Factor
Stodola  20o < < 30o

 s  1
  sin  2 
 Z 1   Cr 2 U 2  cot  2 
Buseman  30o < < 80o

s 
 A  B  Cr 2 U 2  cot  2 
1   Cr 2 U 2  cot  2 
A and B are function of  2 , Z and r2 r1
Stanitz 80o < < 90o
0.63
 s  1
 Z 1   Cr 2 U 2  cot  2 
Example
The impeller of a centrifugal pump has backward-facing blades inclined at
30o to the tangent at impeller outlet. The blades are 20 mm in depth at the
outlet, the impeller is 250 mm in diameter and it rotates at 1450 rpm. The flow
rate through the pump is 0.028 m3/s and a slip factor of 0.77 may be
assumed. Assume also the blades of infinitesimal thickness. Determine the
theoretical and actual head developed by the impeller, and the number of
impeller blades

Solution:
Flow Capacity/Flow Rate

Q  D2Cr 2b2
 Cr 2  Q D2b2
Cr 2  0.028   0.25 0.02
Cr 2  1.78 m/s
For ideal outlet velocity triangle = 30o

Wx 2  Cr 2 tan 30o  1.78 / tan 30o  3.08 m/s


U 2  D2 N 60    0.251450 / 60  19 m/s
C x 2  U 2  Wx 2  19  3.08  15.92 m/s
Theoretical (Euler) head

U 2C x 2  U1C x1
E  C x1  0( flow enters radially at inlet )
g

E
1915.92  30.83 m (ans.)
9.81
Actual head with slip
C x' 2   s .C x 2
 E N   s .E   0.77  30.83  23.74 m (ans.)
Number of blade
 s  1    sin  2   Z 1   Cr 2 U 2  cot  2 

0.77  1   sin 30o   Z 1  1.78 19 cot 30o  
 Z  8.15  8 (ans.)
Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power 2. Impeller (Disc) friction
loss, Pm power loss, Pi

3. Leakage and recirculation 4. Casing power loss, Pc


power loss, Pl
Pump Losses
1. Mechanical friction power loss, Pm
Pump Losses
2. Impeller (Disc) friction power loss, Pi

Head loss : hi
Flow rate : Qi
Pi = g Qi hi
Pump Losses
3. Leakage and recirculation power loss, Pl

Head across impeller : Hi


Pl = g qi Hi
Leakage flow rate : q = Qi - Q
Pump Losses
4. Casing power loss, Pc

Head loss : hc
Flow rate : Q
Pc = g Qhc
Pump Losses
H-Q Diagram
Efficiency

Fluid power developed by pump gQH


Overall Efficiency   o 
shaft power input Ps

Fluid power at casing outlet


Casing Efficiency 
Fluid power at casing inlet
Fluid power at casing outlet

Fluid power developed by impeller - Leakage loss
gQH H
 c  
gQH i H i

Flow rate through pump Q Q


Volumetric Efficiency   v  
Flow rate through impeller Q  q Qi
Efficiency
Fluid power at impeller exit
Impeller Efficiency 
Fluid power supplied to impeller
Fluid power at impeller exit

Fluid power developed by impeller  impeller loss
gQi H i Hi
 i  
gQ i  H i  hi   H i  hi 
Fluid power supplied to impeller
Mechanical Efficiency 
Power input to the shaft
gQi  hi  H i 
 m 
Ps
Actual head developed by pump
Hydraulic Efficiency 
Theoretica l head developed by impeller
H H
 H  
 H i  hi  E
Efficiency Relation

 H   ci
 o   ci v m   Hv m
Pump Shaft Power, Ps

Ps  Pm  g  hi Qi  hc Q  H i q  QH 

Driven Motor Shaft Power, PM


Transmission Efficiency, T

PS
Ps  T PM PM 
T
Pump’s Characteristic Curve
E  U 2 U 2   Q A cot  2  g
E  K1  K 2 Q

E N   K1  K 2Q  s

hshock  K 3  Q  QD 
2

where :
QD is design flowrate

h f  K 4Q 2
Effect of Flow Rate Variation
Inlet velocity

Outlet velocity
Q;H Q;H
Effect of Blade Outlet Angle
C x 2  U 2  Cr 2 cot  2

for  2  90o E  U 2 U 2  Cr 2 cot  2  g


 
E  U 22 g   QU 2 cot  2 gA  H  a  bQ
for  2  90o H a
for  2  90o H  a  bQ
Effect of Blade Outlet Angle
Theoretical
characteristic curves

Actual
characteristic curves
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Volute Casing
Function:
1. Collector
2. Diffuser

Deviation in capacity from


the design condition will
result in a radial thrust (P):

P  495 KHD2 B2

where : K  0.36 1   Q QD 
2

Function:
P = radial force (N)
H = Head (m)
D2 = peripheral diameter (m)
Circular section to B2 = impeller width (m)
reduce losses due to
friction and impact
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Vaneless Diffuser
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Vaneless Diffuser Continuity:
m  ACr  2rbCr  2r2b2  2Cr 2
Cr  r2b2  2Cr 2 rb
Conservation of angular momentum:
C x  C x 2 r2 r  usually C x  Cr
Then: C  Cx
C  C x 2 r2 r Radius, r 
Outlet kinetic energi 

tan  '2  C x 2 Cr 2  cons  tan  '


rd 
tan  ' 
dr
Then:
   2  tan  ' ln r r2 
  angle of diffuser
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Vaned Diffuser
Able to diffuse the outlet
kinetic energy at:
 Higher rate
 Shorter length
 Higher efficiency

Number of vanes on the


diffuser ring:
 Greater number  better
diffusion but more friction
loss
 Square cross section of
diffuser channel  max rh
 Number of diffuser vanes
have no common factor
with the number of
impeller
Flow in the Discharge Casing
Contribution of each section of the pump to total head
Cavitation in Pumps
Vapour bubbles formation of the liquid as the local
absolute static pressure of a liquid falls below the vapour
pressure
 occurs mainly at the suction side (at the eye of impeller as the
velocity increases and pressure decreases)
 Local pitting of impeller  cavitation erosion
 Noise  Vibration  cracking
 Decrease pump efficiency
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
The difference of total suction head in the impeller inlet
side (impeller eye) above the vapour pressure

 pi Vi 2 pvap 
NPSH       all pressures are absolute 
 g 2 g g 
 A measure of the energy available on the suction side of the
pump
 A measure to indicate the occurrence of cavitation

Cavitation Parameter (Toma Cavitation Number)


 pi Vi 2 pvap 
   
NPSH  g 2 g g 
 
Head Developed by pump H
H = manometric head = total energy (m) puap pd 25o C = 20 mm Hg = 2666,44 N/m2.
Untuk menghindari terjadinya kavitasi, maka hasil dari
persamaan diatas harus lebih besar dari nilai parameter
kavitasi kritis (σc ) atau σ > σc

Untuk hal ini terkadang nilai dari Zi dalam komponen


Hsuction dikurangi bahkan dalam suatu kasus perlu untuk
menempatkan pompa lebih rendah dari permukaan
reservoir bawah (Zi < ZA).
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
NPSH Required (NPSHR)
 Net Suction Head as required by the
pump in order to prevent cavitation for
safe and reliable operation of the pump.
 The required NPSHR for a particular pump
is in general determined experimentally by
the pump manufacturer (will vary
depending on the size and speed of the
pump) and a part of the documentation of
the pump.

Measurement of NPSHR by 3%
head reduction

Example of pump documentation


Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)
NPSH Available (NPSHA)
 The Net Positive Suction Head
made available the suction
system for the pump.
 The NPSHA can be determined
during design and construction,
or determined experimentally
from the actual physical system
and calculated with the Energy
Equation
Energy at 1 = Energy at 2 + Energy lost between 1 and 2
p1 p2 V22 p2 V22 p1
 z1     losessinlet     z1   lossesinlet
g g 2 g g 2 g g
At inlet p2 = pi ; V2 = Vi and  lossesinlet = hin + hfi, then:
NPSH available at impeller inlet :
p1 pvap
NPSH A    z1  hi  h fi
g g
Cavitation ~ NPSH
To avoid cavitation in a pump operation
NPSH A  NPSH R or A R
Suction Specific Speed
A function due to cavitation that influences the efficiency
Dimensionless suction specific speed

NQ1/ 2
N suc    f   , N suc 
 g  NPSH   3 / 4
Cavitation parameter

Ns

 NPSH 
3/ 4
  3/ 4
N suc H 3/ 4

Similarity Laws
NPSH1
  N1 N 2   D1 D2    1  2
2 2

NPSH 2
Example
When a laboratory test was carried out on a pump, it was found that, for a
pump total head of 36 m at discharde of 0.05 m3/s, cavitation began when the
sum of the static pressure plus the velocity head at inlet was reduced to 3.5
m. The atmospheric pressure was 750 mmHg and the vapour pressure of
water 1.8 kPa. If the pump is to operate at a location where atmospheric
pressure is reduced to 620 mmHg and the vapour pressure of water is 830
Pa, what is the value of the cavitation parameter when the pump develops the
same total head and discharge? Is it necessary to reduce the height of the
pump above the supply, and if so by how much?
Jelaskan fungsi impeller beserta klasifikasinya?
 
Jawab :
Impeller adalah bagian utama pompa yang
berputar untuk memberikan gaya sentrifugal
terhadap fluida. Type impeller dapat diklasifikan
menjadi:
Berdasarkan arah aliran
Aliran radial (radial flow): fluida cair yang keluar
dari impeller tegak lurus terhadap poros
Aliran axial (axial flow): fluida cair yang
meninggalkan impeller akan bergerak searah dengan
poros putaran impeller
Aliran campuran (mixed flow): fluida cair yang
meninggalkan impeller akan bergerah sepanjang
permukaan kerucut, sehingga komponen aliran
berarah aksial dan radial.
Berdasarkan type suction
oSingle suction: masuknya fluida cair ke dalam impeller hanya
dari satu sisi.
oDoube suction: masuknya fluida cair ke dalam impeller simetris
dari dua sisi
 
Berdasarkan konstruksi mekanik
oClosed type: sudu-sudu ditutup oleh dua dinding yang
merupakan satu kesatuan. Digunakan untuk memompa zat cair
yang bersih.
oOpen type: tidak terdapat dinding depan maupun belakang
untuk menutup sudu. Digunakan untuk memompa zat cair yang
banyak mengandung kotoran
oSemi open atau vortex type: dinding hanya terdapat di bagian
belakang untuk menutupi sudu. Digunakan untuk memompa zat
cair yang sedikit mengandung kotoran.
 
Jelaskan prinsip kerja pompa sentrifugal ?
 
Jawab :

Prinsip kerja pompa sentrifugal adalah memanfaatkan motor


listrik sebagai penggerak utama (prime mover) untuk
memutar impeller sehingga terjadi penurunan tekanan pada
mata impeller yang mengakibatkan air terus menerus
mengalir masuk melalui mata impeller dan keluar melalui
sudu-sudu dengan kecepatan tinggi akibat percepatan
tangential yang dihasilkan oleh putaran impeller.
Mengapa luas penampang saluran volute pada pompa
sentrifugal dibuat semakin membesar?
 
Jawab :
Luas penampang saluran volute dibuat membesar agar
zat cair yang keluar dari impeller dengan kecepatan
tinggi mengalami perubahan dari head kecepatan
menjadi head tekan. Sesuai dengan hukum Bernoulli,
penurunan kecepatan berdampak pada peningkatan
tekanan. Dengan meningkatnya head tekan, maka cairan
dapat dialirkan ke daerah yang jauh lebih tinggi.
Sebuah pompa sentrifugal digunakan untuk memompa air dari tangki
yang satu ke tangki yang lain dengan perbedaan ketinggian 32 m. jika
panjang total pipa adalah 1000 m dengan faktor gesekan 0.005 dan
diameter pipa 200 mm. Dengan mengabaikan semua kerugian
kecuali gesekan, tentukan laju volum aliran per detik dan daya yang
dibutuhkan untuk menjalankan pimpa. Karakteristik pompa adalah
sebagai berikut.
Tahanan sistem = Hs + 5164Q2

Titik operasi pompa berada pada titik perpotongan antara


kurva karakteristik pompa dan kurva tahanan sistem. Pada
titik operasi pompa Q = 145 m3/h, H = 40.2 m dan efisiensi
pompa pada laju aliran 145 m3/h adalah η = 62.5 %.
Maka daya yang diperlukan untuk menjalankan pompa
adalah
P=ρgQHη=1039.81145 40.260600.625=25,4 kW
Kavitasi dan Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

titik tekanan statis absolut fluida alir lebih rendah dari tekanan uap
jenuh pada temperatur tersebut,
terbentuknya gelembung-gelembung udara pada fluida yang mengalir,
gelembung-gelembung yang terbentuk terbawa pada suatu daerah
dengan tekanan yang lebih tinggi,
gelembung-gelembung uap tersebut akan pecah dengan tiba-tiba.
timbul tekanan tinggi disertai letupan-letupan pecahnya gelembung uap,
dan menyebabkan tekanan lokal yang besar pada permukaan logam yang
berdekatan. pitting atau cracking
fenomena ini dapat terjadi secara kontinyu,
harus diberikan perhatian pada desain awal sistem fluida.
fenomena kavitasi yang kontinyu efek korosi pada permukaan
dinding logam, struktur berpori pada bagian dalam logam, menurunkan
efisiensi karena sebagian energi fluida digunakan mempercepat
pergerakan fluida mengisi ruang akibat pecahnya gelembung uap.
Parameter kavitasi diberikan dengan rumusan,

σ = total head inlet diatas tekanan uap / head yang


dikerjakan pompa

Pi Vi 2 Pvap
 (   )/ H
 2g 

Pi Vi 2 Pvap
(   )
 2g 
menyatakan energi yang tersedia pada sisi hisap pompa, dan
dikenal dengan nama net positive suction head (NPSH).

Energi pada titik A – Energi pada titik i =


kehilangan energi antara A dan i
 PA VA2   Pi Vi 2 
   Z A     Z i    hin  h fi 
  2g    2g 

dimana 
hin  h fi  menyatakan kehilangan energi. Untuk titik A
yang merupakan permukaan air reservoir rendah, VA dan ZA dapat
diasumsikan bernilai nol, dan Persamaan diatas akan menjadi,
PA Pi Vi 2
   H suction
  2g
PA Pvap
 (   H suction ) / H
 
Dengan titik A adalah permukaan air pada reservoir rendah

Untuk menghindari terjadinya kavitasi, maka hasil dari persamaan


diatas harus lebih besar dari nilai parameter kavitasi kritis ( c ) atau
  c
Untuk hal ini terkadang nilai dari Zi dalam komponen Hsuction dikurangi
bahkan dalam suatu kasus perlu untuk menempatkan pompa lebih
rendah dari permukaan reservoir bawah (Zi < ZA).

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