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Week 12-13 Gas Steam Turbines and Generators

The document discusses steam generators and covers topics related to boilers, including boiler systems and types of boilers. It describes how a boiler works by using heat from fuel combustion to convert water to high-pressure steam. It then covers the key systems in boilers like water treatment, feedwater, steam, blowdown, and others. The document also discusses different types of boilers based on orientation, firing method, fuel used, tube layout, and other factors. It provides a quick comparison of fire tube and water tube boilers.

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42 views18 pages

Week 12-13 Gas Steam Turbines and Generators

The document discusses steam generators and covers topics related to boilers, including boiler systems and types of boilers. It describes how a boiler works by using heat from fuel combustion to convert water to high-pressure steam. It then covers the key systems in boilers like water treatment, feedwater, steam, blowdown, and others. The document also discusses different types of boilers based on orientation, firing method, fuel used, tube layout, and other factors. It provides a quick comparison of fire tube and water tube boilers.

Uploaded by

FEALABREPORTS
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STEAM

GENERATORS
Week 12-13
Gas Steam Turbines and Generators
TOPICS TO BE COVERED
 Boilers
 Boiler Systems
 Types of Boilers
BOILERS
 A BOILER is an enclosed pressure vessel where heat
generated through the combustion of fuel is used for
converting water into steam.
 The volume of water increases 1600 times when converted
into steam.
 But boiler is a confined space. Therefore, instead of
increasing volume, pressure is increased.
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD
BOILER
 Maximum quantity of steam at required pressure,
temperature and quality.
 Light in weight and compact.
 Safe in working and minimum joints.
 Initial, installation and maintenance costs should be low.
 Capable of quick start and should meet fluctuations in
demand.
 All parts should be accessible for inspection/repair.
 Minimum refractory material should be used.
 Heating surface should be free from contamination.
BOILER SYSTEMS…
1. Water treatment system
2. Feed water system
3. Steam system
4. Blow down system
5. Fuel supply system
6. Air supply system
7. Flue gases system
BOILER SYSTEMS…
 Water treatment system
Any water cannot be used for boilers. Because normal water
contains salts, which are less soluble at higher temperature.
So when temperature rises they get precipitated at the surface,
causing scaling. Scaling reduces effective heat transfer, thus
decreasing boiler efficiency.
To avoid scaling, water treatment is done. Ideally, distilled
water should be used. But, distillation is very costly process,
so demineralization is done.
Conductivity < 5.0 µs/m
s = 1/Ω
BOILER SYSTEMS…
 Water treatment system…
Conductivity < 5.0 µs/m
s = 1/Ω
Conductivity of potable water
50 µs/m
Conductivity of seawater
5.0 x 106 µs/m (5.0 s/m)
BOILER SYSTEMS…
 Feed Water System
Feed water system feeds water to the boiler.
Feed water system includes
 Feed pump and
 Feed check valve
Feed check valve is a type of non-return valve.
When the liquid enters the boiler, the pressure of this system
will rise, so back-flow may take place.
Feed check valve is used in boiler to disallow backflow to the
pump.
BOILER SYSTEMS…
 Steam System
Steam drum separates saturated water and
saturated steam.
Without steam drum, rise is pressure would
cause condensation and superheating would not
be possible.
Saturated steam from drum is taken to super
heater tubes, passing through flue gases.
In addition to this, steam check valve and a
number of safety valves are used.
BOILER SYSTEMS…
 Blowdown System
Blow down valve is provided at the bottom of the boiler
vessel.
It is used to remove all liquid in the boiler when it is turned
off.
 Fuel Supply System
A boiler may use a liquid fuel or a solid fuel.
For liquid fuel, supply system uses a pump.
For solid fuel (e.g. coal), certain arrangement is made at the
bottom of boiler to burn the fuel and allow flue gases to
move.
BOILER SYSTEMS…
 Air Supply System
Air available in the combustion chamber is often not
sufficient to burn the fuel. So air has to be supplied from
outside, which may be obtained by any of the three means.
1. Natural drought
2. Induced drought (Fan)
3. Forced drought (Fan)
 Flue gas System
In order to circulate flue gases in the boiler, baffles and
chimney are provided.
TYPES OF BOILERS
 Orientation
The vessel of the boiler may be:
1. Horizontal
2. vertical
3. inclined
 Type of firing
1. Internally fired
2. Externally fired (e.g. in steam locomotive)

In some of the boilers, grate is used to burn the fuel.


Grate is a perforated platform, containing several rods, on
which fuel is placed. Air is circulated across the grate to burn
the fuel. Ash is collected in an ash-pit below the grate.
TYPES OF BOILERS
 Based on fuel
1. Coal/ Wood stock
2. Gas (only for stationary boiler)
3. Furnace oil/LDO (light diesel oil)
 Circulation of Air
1. Natural cirulation
2. Forced Circulation
a. Forced droght
b. Induced drought
 Extent of Fire
1. Fired
2. Unfired
In some types of boiler, waste gases are circulated to generate the
steam. These are unfired boiler
TYPES OF BOILERS
 Tube Content
1. Water tube
2. Fire tube
In water tube boilers, water circulates in the tube and shell (or
boiler housing) contains flue gases.
Now-a-days, and in past also, most of the high pressure boilers are
water tube boilers.
In fire-tube boilers, fire or flue gases pass inside the tubes and shell
contains water and steam. The number of tubes are also less
compared with water tube boilers. There may be just one or two
tubes.
TYPES OF BOILERS
Advantage of Fire tube boiler:
1. Flexible
If there is change is steam demand, that can be conveniently
accommodated in fire tube boiler, because whole of shell is
filled with steam.
2. Feed water failure will cause less damage
In water tube boiler, whole shell is filled with fire, and if
feed water supply system fails, there are more chances of
overheating of water tubes.
3. Simple and less maintenance
Scaling is a problem in water tube boilers, which requires
more periodical maintenance.
TYPES OF BOILERS
Advantage of Water tube boiler:
1. Safety
The biggest advantage of water tube boiler is safety.
Suppose, that a fire tube boiler, in which shell is filled with
steam, bursts, the damage will be enormous.
However, in case of water tube boiler, if steam tubes burst
the damage will be less severe.
Therefore, all high pressure boilers are preferably water tube
boilers.
2. Large steam generation rate
Relatively larger steam generation rate may be obtained in
water tube boilers.
TYPES OF BOILERS
Advantage of Water tube boiler:
3. Operating on higher pressure
Hoop stresses: σh = pd/2t
Tubes have much lesser dia. compared with shell.
In water tubes boilers, pressure can go as high as 100-150
bar, while in water tube boilers, it is restricted to 20 bar.
4. Easy fabrication
Water tube boilers are easy to fabricate because shell
operates at ambient pressure. Main part under pressure is
tubes, so they are easy to fabricate, assemble and install at
site.
TYPES OF BOILERS

 Quick Comparison
Sr.# Fire Tube Boiler Water Tube Boiler
Pressure 20 bar 200-300 bar
80-85 %
Efficiency 85-90%
70% (in older boilers)
Frequent and more
Inspection Easy
complicated
Frequent cleaning
Maintenance Less maintenance required (due to
scaling)

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