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NUCLEAR FISSION Real

Nuclear fission is a process where the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, releasing large amounts of energy. It was discovered in 1938 by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, and explained theoretically in 1939 by Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch. Fission of uranium-235 can initiate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Moderators like water or graphite slow neutrons to allow further splitting. Control rods absorb neutrons to regulate the reaction. Fission is used in nuclear power reactors to generate heat and in nuclear weapons to release explosive energy.

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129 views21 pages

NUCLEAR FISSION Real

Nuclear fission is a process where the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts, releasing large amounts of energy. It was discovered in 1938 by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, and explained theoretically in 1939 by Lise Meitner and Otto Robert Frisch. Fission of uranium-235 can initiate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction. Moderators like water or graphite slow neutrons to allow further splitting. Control rods absorb neutrons to regulate the reaction. Fission is used in nuclear power reactors to generate heat and in nuclear weapons to release explosive energy.

Uploaded by

Kim Manalo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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NUCLEAR FISSION

WHAT IS NUCLEAR FISSION?

 Nuclear fission is a process in nuclear physics in which the nucleus of


an atom splits into two or more smaller nuclei as fission products, and
usually some by-product particles.
HISTORY

 After James Chadwick discovered the neutron in 1932


 Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in Rome studied the result of bombarding
uranium with neutrons in 1934.
 Fermi concluded that his experiments had created new elements with 93 and
94 protons, which the group dubbed Ausonium and Hesperium respectively.
However, not all were convinced by Fermi’s analysis of his results.
Nuclear fission of heavy elements was discovered on December
17, 1938 by GERMAN OTTO HAHN and his assistant FRITZ
STRESSMANN

OTTO HAHN FRITZ STRESSMANN


Nuclear fission explained theoretically in January
1939 by Lise Meitner and her nephew Otto Robert
Frisch

 Frisch named the process by analogy with biological fission of living


cells. It is exothermic reaction which can release large amounts of
energy both as electromagnetic radiation and as kinetic energy of
fragments.
 Nuclear Fission is either a nuclear reaction or radioactive decay process in
which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts(lighter nuclei).
 The fission process often produces free neutrons and gamma photons, and
release a very large amount of energy even by the energetic standards of
radioactive decay.
 Fission is a form of nuclear transmutation because the resulting fragments
are not same element as the original atom.
 When neutron strikes converted to
 Fission reaction of
Chain reaction

A chain reaction is sequence of reaction where a


reactive product or by-product causes additional
reaction to take place.
 Anatom of uranium-235 to undergo fission by
bombarding it with neurons.
 Along with barium and krypton, three neutrons are
released during the fission process. This neutrons can
hit further U-235 atoms and split them, releasing yet
more neutrons. This is called a chain reaction.
Nuclear moderation

 Nuclear moderation is a process that slows down


neutrons so the reactor fuel can capture them to
continue the chain reaction.
 Moderation is necessary because most of the
neutrons produced move so fast that they would
pass right through a nucleus without being captured.
 Waterand carbon in the form of graphite are good
moderators.
Neutron Absorption

To prevent the chain reaction from going too


fast, some of the slowed neutrons must be
trapped before they hit fissionable atoms.
•Neutron absorption is a process that
decreases the number of slow-moving
neutrons.
Neutron Absorption

Control rods, made of materials such as


cadmium, are used to absorb neutrons.
•If the chain reaction were to go too fast,
heat might be produced faster than the
coolant could remove it.
•Ultimately, a meltdown of the reactor core
might occur.
Nuclear Fission Products

 Power Reactors

 Nuclear Weapon
Nuclear Fission Products

 Power Reactors
A nuclear reactor produces and controls the
release of energy from splitting the atoms of
certain elements. In a nuclear power reactor,
the energy released is used as heat to make
steam to generate electricity. 
Nuclear Fission Products

 Nuclear Weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that
derives its destructive force from nuclear
reactions, either fission or from a combination
of fission and fusion reactions. Both bomb types
release large quantities of energy from
relatively small amounts of matter.
Energy released in Fission
 Here 92 represents the atomic number
and 235 represents the atomic weight
of Uranium.
Energy released in Fission

  + Q(energy)
Energy released in Fission

 
Mass

of = 235.0439 a.m.u
Mass of = 1.0087 a.m.u
Total mass = 236.0526 a.m.u
Energy released in Fission

 
Total

mass = 236.0526 a.m.u

Mass of = 140.9129 a.m.u


Mass of = 91.8973 a.m.u
Mass of = 3.0261 a.m.u
Total mass = 235.8373 a.m.u
Energy released in Fission

 
Total

mass = 236.0526 a.m.u
Total mass = 235.8373 a.m.u
Mass defect = 0.2153 a.m.u

The energy released is equal to


0.2153 x 931.5 MeV
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