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Allophone, Morpheme, and Phonetic.: Group 9

1) Allophones are variations in pronunciation of the same phoneme that do not change the word's meaning. For example, the "t" sound in "tar" versus "stuff". 2) A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit, either a free morpheme like "dog" or a bound affix like "-s". Morphemes cannot be divided further. 3) Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a language. In English, the words "sin" and "sing" differ in just one phoneme.

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597 views11 pages

Allophone, Morpheme, and Phonetic.: Group 9

1) Allophones are variations in pronunciation of the same phoneme that do not change the word's meaning. For example, the "t" sound in "tar" versus "stuff". 2) A morpheme is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit, either a free morpheme like "dog" or a bound affix like "-s". Morphemes cannot be divided further. 3) Phonemes are the smallest units of sound that distinguish one word from another in a language. In English, the words "sin" and "sing" differ in just one phoneme.

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Bagus Andrian
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Allophone,

morpheme, and
phonetic.

GROUP 9
Abiyyu Nur Fawwazi

Al-Fajr Bagus

Members Athar Nibras

Alvonnio Samuel

Ahmad Fadlillah
Allophone

Allophones are a kind of phoneme that changes its


sound based on how a word is spelled. Think of the letter T
and what kind of sound it makes in the word "tar" compared
with "stuff." It's pronounced with a more forceful, clipped
sound in the first example than it is in the second. Linguists
use special punctuation to designate phonemes. The sound
of an L, for instance, is written as "/l/."
Substituting one allophone for another allophone of
the same phoneme doesn't lead to a different word, just a
different pronunciation of the same word. For this reason,
allophones are said to be noncontrastive. For example,
consider the tomato. Some people pronounce this word "toe-
MAY-toe," while others pronounce it "toe-MAH-toe." The
definition of "tomato" doesn't change, regardless of whether
it's pronounced with a hard A or a softer tone.
Example :
 Some people pronounce this word "toe-MAY-toe," while
others pronounce it "toe-MAH-toe.“
 Think of the letter T and what kind of sound it makes in
the word "tar" compared with "stuff." It's pronounced with
a more forceful, clipped sound in the first example than it
is in the second.
Morpheme

Morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of


a word such as dog, or a word element, such as the -s at the
end of dogs, that can't be divided into smaller meaningful
parts. Morphemes are the smallest units of meaning in a
language. They are commonly classified as either free
morphemes, which can occur as separate words or bound
morphemes, which can't stand alone as words.
Free Morpheme
Free morpheme or also called Root (root word), is morpheme that
can stand alone and already has a clear meaning even without other
morphemes. Free morpheme is divided into 2 types, there are lexical
morpheme and functional morpheme.
1. Lexical morpheme
Lexical morpheme is a free morpheme that can stand alone, but can
also be affixed either prefix (suffix) or suffix (suffix). Word classes
that include lexical morphemes are noun, adjective, verb and
adverb. Examples : Homes (Noun), Untidy (Adjective), Endanger
(Verb), and Smartly (Adverb).
2. Functional morpheme
Functional morpheme can stand alone, but cannot be affixed like
lexical morpheme. Examples : At,On,In (Prepostion),
I,You,They,We,He,She,It (Pronoun), And,Or,But (Conjunction),
Ah,Wow (Interjection), A,An,The (Article), That,This,These,Those
(Demostrative).
Bound morpheme
Bound morpheme is morpheme whose meaning depends on other morpheme
(Freemorpheme). Bound morpheme cannot stand alone and always attaches to
Free morpheme as an affix (Affix) and can change the meaning of the free
morpheme that is attached to it.
 Derivational Morpheme
This morpheme changes the meaning of the morpheme that is pasted, for
example from positive to negative / opponent of the word from the morpheme
pasted, forming new meaning, and changing the class of words, for example from
noun to adjective, from adjective to noun, from verb to noun, from verb to
adjective, etc.
examples that change meaning, such as ir, in, eg, un, re, hood, ship:
 in + correct = incorrect
 ir + regular = irregular
 eg + understand = misunderstand
 un + happy = unhappy
 friend + ship = friendship
 Inflectional Morpheme
This morpheme does not change the meaning of the free morpheme
it attaches, nor does it change the class it says, for example from noun it
remains noun, from verb it remains a verb, etc. Some inflectional
morphes are er, est, s, es, ed, en and ing. Example :
 Small + er = Smaller
 Long + est = longest
 Walk + ed = Walked
 Give + en = Given
PHONEMIC
 A phonemic is one of the units of sound that distinguish one word
from another in a particular language.
 For example, in most dialects of English, the sound patterns /sɪn/
 (sin) and /sɪŋ/ (sing) are two separate words distinguished by the
substitution of one phoneme, /n/, for another phoneme, /ŋ/. (Two
words like this that differ in meaning through a contrast of a single
phoneme form what is called a minimal pair.) 
References

www.thoughtco.com/allophones
www.Britannica.com/topic/allophones
www.Britannica/topic/phonemes
www.Britannica/topic/phonetics

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