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Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate the chemical components of a sample mixture and detect them. The sample is vaporized and carried by an inert gas mobile phase through a column containing a stationary phase. Components elute from the column at different rates depending on their affinity for the stationary phase, allowing separation. A detector then measures the components as they exit the column to identify and quantify them in the sample. Common applications of gas chromatography include quality control, research, safety testing, and forensics.

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451 views19 pages

Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography is an analytical technique used to separate the chemical components of a sample mixture and detect them. The sample is vaporized and carried by an inert gas mobile phase through a column containing a stationary phase. Components elute from the column at different rates depending on their affinity for the stationary phase, allowing separation. A detector then measures the components as they exit the column to identify and quantify them in the sample. Common applications of gas chromatography include quality control, research, safety testing, and forensics.

Uploaded by

Hakim Mi
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Gas Chromatography

Introduction
• Gas chromatography (GC) is an analytical technique used to separate the
chemical components of a sample mixture and then detect them to determine
their presence or absence and/or how much is present.

• These chemical components are usually organic molecules or gases.

• For GC to be successful in their analysis, these components need to be volatile,


usually with a molecular weight below 1250 Da, and thermally stable so they
don’t degrade in the GC system.

• GC is a widely used technique across most industries:


– for quality control in the manufacture of many products from cars to chemicals to pharmaceuticals;
– for research purposes from the analysis of meteorites to natural products; and
– for safety from environmental to food to forensics.

• Gas chromatographs are frequently hyphenated to mass spectrometers (GC-


MS) to enable the identification of the chemical components.
• Gas chromatography is a term used to describe the group of analytical
separation techniques used to analyze volatile substances in the gas phase.

• In gas chromatography, the components of a sample are dissolved in a


solvent and vaporized in order to separate the analytes by distributing the
sample between two phases: a stationary phase and a mobile phase.

• The mobile phase is a chemically inert gas that serves to carry the
molecules of the analyte through the heated column.

• Gas chromatography is one of the sole forms of chromatography that does


not utilize the mobile phase for interacting with the analyte.

• The stationary phase is either a solid adsorbent, termed gas-solid


chromatography (GSC), or a liquid on an inert support, termed gas-liquid
chromatography (GLC).
Principle
• Moving phase = gas = Gas Chromatography

• Sample injected at high temperature to ensure


vaporization.

sample volatile

Separation???

boiling points and relative


affinity to SP
non volatile liquid (eg: wax). It
Stationary phase is coated on solid particles or
capillary tube.

Affinity to SP =
slower it comes
off the column

Mobile phase inert gas


(eg: helium/nitrogen/argon)

Sample vaporized by injection into a heated system,


eluted through a column by inert gaseous mobile
phase and detected
• Stationary phase polarity ~ analyte polarity; (like
dissolves like). 
• Order of elution (GC):
– Lesser retained analytes elute earlier.
– Given similar molecular characteristics, more volatile
analytes (low b.p., high vapor pressure) elutes earlier; i.e.
low molecular masses elutes earlier.

– https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Northeastern_Universit
y/12%3A_Chromatographic_and_Electrophoretic_Methods
/12.4%3A_Gas_Chromatography#:~:text=The%20order
%20of%20elution%20when,polarity%20and%20provides
%20greater%20selectivity.
Types of GC

Gas-solid Gas-liquid

Stationary phase: Stationary phase:


solid liquid
Column consist of
stationary phase

Sample move with


the mobile phase
Result-chromatogram
Instrumentation
Data recorder
system

Injector port
Detector

Oven

Column

Carrier gas
Instrumentation
Gas supplier/carrier gas

 must be chemically inert


(helium, argon or nitrogen)
 the choice of carrier gas is often
dependant upon the type of
detector which is used

 Detector and column is placed


Oven in the oven
 Typically GC oven temperature
range from room temperature
from room temperature to
350oC.
Column

Packed Capillary

• have higher sample


• better efficiency –
capacity.
• made by metal or glass – narrow peak
stainless steel
Column material
Stationary phase

Polyethylene
glycol a.k.a.
carbonwax

Polysiloxanes

Elution of the liquid stationary


Column bleeding phase itself if very high
temperature is used (exceed
maximum operating temperature).
As compounds come off the column, they enter a
Detector detector. The compound and detector interact to
generate a signal. The size of the signal corresponds
to the amount the compound present in the sample

Detector Selectivity Detectability


Flame ionization (FID) Most organic compounds 100pikogram (pg)

Thermal Conductivity (TCD) Universal 1 nanogram (ng)

Electron capture (ECD) Halides, nitrates, Nitriles, Peroxides, 50 Fentogram (fg)


Anhydrides, Organometallics

Nitrogen phosphorus Nitrogen, Phosphorus 10 pg


Flame Photometric (FPD) Sulpfur, phosphorus, tin, boron, 100pg
arsenic, germanium, selenium,
chromium

Photo-ionization (PID) Aliphatics, aromatics, ketones, esters, 2 pg


aldehydes, amines, heterocyclics,
organosulphurs, some organometallics
Sample injector port

 optimum column efficiency, the


sample should not be too large
 The temperature of the sample port is
usually about 50°C higher than the
boiling point of the least volatile
component of the sample.
 For packed columns, sample size
ranges from tenths of a microliter up
to 20 microliters.
 Capillary columns, on the other hand,
need much less sample, typically
around 10-3 mL.
Data recorder system

The data recorder plots the signal


from the detector over time.
This plot is called a
chromatogram.
The retention time, which is when
the component elutes from the GC
system, is qualitatively indicative of
the type of compound.
The data recorder also has an
integrator component to calculate
the area under the peaks or the
Area = height x width (1/2) height of the peak.
The area or height is indicative of
the amount of each component.

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