Closed Feedwater Heater

With Drains Pumped Forward

 Regenerative Cycle with a CFwH with Drains Pumped
Forward

Steam (1) 1 WT
Turbine
QH generator 2
(y) 3 4
(1-y-y/)
(y/)
10 9 8 7 6
QC
5

12 11 13 WP
14

TTD for h.p. & l.p. heater = ?

TTD or TD = Terminal temp. difference = Saturated temp. of bled steam – Exit water temp.
Analysis of Regenerative Cycle with a CFwH with Drains
Pumped Forward

Lets do the T 1
thermodynamic analysis.
(1)

1. Energy balances on h.p. & l.p. 12

10 (y) 2
heaters? 9
14 11
2. Energy balances on h.p. & l.p. 8 (y`)
7 13 3
mixing chambers? 6 (1-y-y`)
3. Wp = ?
5 4
4. WT = ?
5. QH = ? s
6. QC = ?

TTD or TD = Terminal temp. difference = Saturated temp. of bled steam – Exit water temp.
Closed Feedwater Heater

With Drains Cascaded Backwards

 Regenerative Cycle with a CFwH with Drains Cascaded
Backwards

(1) 1 WT
Turbine
QH 2
y 3 4
Steam
generation y/
12 10
unit
8 6
7 QC
5
CFwH (cascaded
backwards) with DC
(y + y/) WP
Trap Trap CFwH (cascaded
11 9 backwards) without
DC

TTD or TD = Terminal temp. difference = Saturated temp. of bled steam – Exit water temp.
DCA or DC = Drain Cooler Approach = Sub-cooled temp. of bled steam – Inlet water temp.
 T-s diagram for a Regenerative Cycle with a CFwH
with Drains Cascaded Backwards
T 1
For h.p. heater,
TTD = Tsat(@P2) – T8
(1)
i.e. < 0 because of
For l.p. heater,
superheated steam. 8 (y) 2
TTD = T9 – T7
11
i.e. > 0.
12 (y`)
7 9 3
6 (1-y-y`)
5 10 4
(y + y`)

DC = T11 – T7
s

Note: TTD is often of the order of 3 °C. The HEI recommends that DCA not be less
than +10 °F.
 Analysis of Regenerative Cycle with CFwH with
Drains Cascaded Backwards

• Apply mass and energy T 1

balance on h.p. & l.p.
heaters. (1)
• Also,h11  h12 ; h9  h10 8 2
(y)
11

12 (y`)
7 9 3
6 (1-y-y`)
5 10 4
(y + y`)
WP  ?
s
WT  h1  h2  (1  y )( h2  h3 )  (1  y  y`)( h3  h4 )
QH  h1  h8
QC  (1  y  y`)( h4  h5 )  ( y  y`)( h10  h5 )
A steam power plant
with one open and
three closed
feedwater heaters.
(Source: See page 62 of your textbook.)
 Notes on Feedwater Heaters
1. Plants can have upto 8 feedwater heaters, one of which is usually
an OFwH (usually placed near the middle of the feedwater
system).
2. Designers use computer programs to help them decide on the
number of heaters to use and their types.
3. Usually, CFwH with drains cascaded backwards has a DSH
(DeSuperHeater) and DC section in the h.p. stages but no DSH
section in the l.p. stages.
4. One CFwH with drains pumped forward is often used as the
lowest-pressure feedwater heater.
5. The advantages of OFwH are lower cost and high heat transfer
capacity as opposed to CFwH.
6. The disadvantage of OFwH is the necessity of a pump at each
heater to handle the large feedwater stream as opposed to CFwH.
 Regenerative Cycle with CFwH with Drains
Cascaded Backwards
Example Problem

Find the amount of steam extracted at each FwH, the pump work, heat input and
thermal efficiency of the cycle shown below if DC = 6 °C, the TTD at the l.p. heater is
2 °C and at the h.p. heater is -1 °C.

T 400 C
------1

(1)
3 MPa
8 (y) 2
11 800 kPa

12 (y`)
7 9 100 kPa 3
6 (1-y-y`)
5 10 5 kPa 4

s
 Homework Problem
Find the amount of steam extracted at each FwH, the pump work, heat input and
thermal efficiency of the cycle shown below if the TTD at the l.p. heater is 2 °C and at
the h.p. heater is 0 °C.

T 400 C
------1

(1)
3 MPa
12
10 (y) 2
9
14 11 800 kPa
8 (y`)
7 13 100 kPa 3
6 (1-y-y`)
5 5 kPa 4

s
Placement of Feedwater Heaters

The natural question

 Placement of Feedwater Heaters
The extraction pressures for multiple feedwater heaters are chosen to
maximize the cycle efficiency.
As a rule of thumb, the extraction pressures for the feedwater heaters
are chosen such that the saturation temperature difference between
each component is about the same i.e.
Tcond to FwH  TFwH to FwH  Tboiler to FwH
It should be noted that the bleed temperature may be higher than the
saturation temp.
In general, for n feedwater heaters, the optimum temp rise per heater is
given by:
Tboiler  Tcondenser
Toptimum 
n 1

No serious effect on efficiency of small variation from the optimum

positions.
 Placement of Feedwater Heaters
Example
An ideal regenerative steam power cycle operates so that steam enters the turbine at
3 MPa, 500oC, and exhausts at 10 kPa. Two closed feedwater heaters are to be used.
Select starting values for the feedwater heater extraction pressures.

Steam
400
T [C]

300

3000 kPa
233.9 C 815 kPa
200   C
136.2 kPa
  C
100
  C
45.85 C
10 kPa
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12

s [kJ/kg-K]
Comparison