NATIONALISM IN INDIA

WHAT IS NATIONALISM ?
 Nationalism is the feeling of oneness among the
people living in a territory.
FIRST WORLD WAR BROKE OUT IN 1914
HOW DID THE FIRST WORLD WAR
HELP IN THE GROWTH
OF NATIONALISM IN INDIA?
 The British imposed war expenditure on India. Income
tax was introduced. Customs duties were raised.
 Prices of essential goods doubled during the war period.
 Forced recruitment was made in to the British Indian
army.
 Crop failures resulted in shortage of food materials.
Influenza epidemic spread in many parts of India.
Millions of people lost their lives.
GANDHIAN SATYAGRAHA
 Gandhiji came back to
India in 1915.He introduced
a new powerful method of
struggle called Satyagraha.
WHAT IS THE IDEA OF SATYAGRAHA?

 Satyagraha literally means holding on to truth or truth force.

 It was a non-violent struggle introduced by Gandhiji in the
Indian National Movement.
 It persuades the opponent to understand the truth.
 If the cause was true and if the fight was against injustice
then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor.
 Hunger strike, peaceful demonstrations, strike, hartal and
non cooperation with the government are some methods of
Satyagraha.
FIRST THREE SATYAGRAHA
MOVEMENTS ORGANISED BY
GANDHIJI IN INDIA
 Champaran Movement [1916]: It was a movement of workers
in the indigo plantations of the Champaran district of Bihar. It
was against the oppressive plantation system.
 Kheda Movement[1917]: Crop failure and plague epidemic
made the life of the farmers miserable in the Kheda district of
Gujarat. So, they started a movement under Gandhiji’s
leadership with the demand for a reduction in land revenue.
 Mill workers Movement: Low wages and poor working
conditions forced the mill workers of Ahmedabad to start a
movement under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1918.
Rowlatt Act[1919]
 This Act gave the government the power to
imprison any person without any trial for a period
of two years.
 Aim of this act was to destroy the national
movement by imprisoning the national workers.
 It was a black law because it was against basic
human rights.
Rowlatt Act[1919]
 Gandhiji organised a non violent satyagraha against
the Rowlatt Act.
 A hartal was organized on 6 April 1919. Rallies
were conducted. Shops were closed down. Workers
conducted strike. Transport and communication
systems came to a standstill.
 These protests led to the JallianwalaBagh
Massacre.
WHAT CIRCUMSTANCES LED TO THE
JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE?

 On 13 April 1919, a public meeting was organized at

JallianwalaBagh in Amritsar to protest against the arrests of
national leaders.
 Many villagers who came to attend a fair were also present
in the park.
 General Dyer reached the meeting place along with the
British troops. He ordered the troops to fire. The firing
lasted for nearly 10 minutes.
 More than thousand people were killed and many were
wounded. This incident is called JallianwalaBagh Massacre.
WHAT WAS THE KHILAFAT
MOVEMENT? HOW DID IT BECOME A
PART OF THE NATIONAL MOVEMENT?
 It was a movement organized by Muhammad Ali and Shaukat
Ali [Ali brothers].
 The aim of this movement was to protest against the injustice
done to Turkey by Britain after the First World War.
 The Turkish Sultan had the title of Caliph. The muslims
considered him as their spiritual leader. Gandhiji saw this as an
opportunity to bring Muslims under the umbrella of a unified
national movement.
 At the Calcutta session of the Congress in September 1920, he
convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation
movement in support of Khilafat as well as for swaraj. So, many
muslims joined this movement.
WHAT WERE THE REASONS FOR
GANDHIJI TO LAUNCH THE
NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT?
 First World War added to the misery of the Indian people. Heavy taxes, high
prices, famines and epidemics made people’s life miserable.
 Rowlatt Act invited large scale protests throughout the country.
 Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the injustice done to Punjab made Indians
angry.
 Muslims became unhappy due to the ill treatment of Turkey. They started
Khilafat Movement.
 Many sections of the Indian society suffered considerable economic distress.
In the towns workers and artisans, the middle class had been hit by high
prices and shortage of food and essential commodities.
 The rural poor and peasants were victims of wide spread drought and
epidemics. The British were unmindful to these developments.
 The Congress session at Nagpur (1920) adopted Gandhiji’s the idea of Non-
co operation.
WHAT WERE THE IDEAS EXPRESSED BY
GANDHIJI IN HIS BOOK?

 In his famous book Hind Swaraj (1909) Mahatma

Gandhi declared that British rule was established in
India with the cooperation of Indians, and had
survived only because of this cooperation. If
Indians refused to cooperate, British rule in India
would collapse within a year, and Swaraj would
come. Therefore, he started the Non Cooperation
Movement.
WHAT WERE THE STAGES PROPOSED
FOR THE NON
COOPERATION MOVEMENT?
 Renunciation of titles: Subhramanya Iyer and Ravindranath
Tagore renounced the honorary title ‘Sir’ that they received
from the British. Gandhiji returned his ‘Kaiser-e-Hind’ medal.
 Resigning of important jobs: Many officers resigned their jobs.
 Boycott of legislatures: Many people refused to caste vote when
the elections to the legislatures were held. It was followed by
the boycott of schools and colleges, law courts etc.
 Non payment of taxes: This was a powerful method of fighting
an oppressive government. They were not ready to recognize
the Govt. legitimate.
HOW DID NON-COOPERATION
MOVEMENT BECOME A MASS
MOVEMENT?
 Non co operation was launched under Gandhiji’s leadership in 1920.
 It aimed at protesting against the injustices done to Punjab and Turkey and to attain
Swaraj.
 Educated middle class led the movement in towns and cities. Educational institutions,
Law courts and foreign goods were boycotted.
 Council elections were boycotted in all provinces except in Madras where the Justice
Party of the Non Brahmins contested.
 Peasants organized movements against Talukdars and Landlords in villages under the
leadership of Baba Ramchandra.
 Tribal people started an armed struggle in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh under
the leadership of Alluri Sitaram Raju.
 Workers in the plantations of Assam started a struggle to get the right to free
movement.
 Chauri-Chaura incident forced Gandhiji to call off the Movement.
WHAT WERE THE EFFECTS OF NON-
COOPERATION MOVEMENT ON
THE ECONOMIC FRONT?
 The effects of non-cooperation on the economic front were
more dramatic.
 Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed , and
foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.
 The import of foreign cloth halved between 1921 and 1922, its
value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. In many
places merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods
or finance foreign trade.
 As the boycott movement spread, and people began discarding
imported clothes and wearing only Indian ones, production of
Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.
DIFFERING STRANDS WITHIN THE NON
COOPERATION MOVEMENT

MOVEMENT IN TOWNS AND CITIES:

 Educated middle class led the movement in towns

and cities.
 Educational institutions, law courts and the council

elections were boycotted.

 Foreign clothes and other goods were burnt in

bonfires. People began to use Khadi clothes.

 Government Servants resigned their jobs. Liquor

shops were picketed.

WHY DID THE NON CO OPERATION
MOVEMENT SLOW DOWN IN TOWNS
AND CITIES ?
  Khadi clothes were very costly. The poor were not
able to buy them.
 Indians boycotted British institutions like law
courts and educational institutions.
 But alternative institutions did not come up.
Consequently teachers and children started going
back to schools and lawyers started going back to
their courts.
WHAT WERE THE CAUSE FOR THE
PEASANT MOVEMENT IN THE  VILLAGES?

 In Awadh, a peasant’s movement was organized by Baba Ramchandra.

 It was against landlords and talukdars.
 Reduction of rent and the abolition of begar were their main demands.
In many places ‘nai – dhobi bandhs’ were organized by panchayats to
deprive landlords of the services of even barbers and washer men.
 In June 1920, Jawaharlal Nehru began going around the villages in
Awadh, talking to the villagers, and trying to understand their
grievances. By October, the Oudh KisanSabha was set up headed
by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and a few others.
 Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages
around the region.
BABA RAMCHANDRA
 He led a peasant’s movement in Awadh against
Talukdars and Landlords.
 He demanded reduction of rent, abolition of Begar
and the boycott of landlords.
 In October 1920, he formed Oudh Kisan Sabha
with the help of Nehru.
TRIBAL MOVEMENT
 In the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh, tribals
started a movement under the leadership of
AlluriSitaramRaju.
 Tribals wanted to get back their traditional rights
over forests.
 The methods followed by the tribals and peasants
were against the Gandhian method of non violence.
They followed violent methods of struggle.
ALLURI SITARAM RAJU
 He led a movement of the tribal people in the
Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh.
 Many people considered him as an incarnation of
God. They believed that he had many special
powers.
 He supported Gandhiji and asked his followers to
wear khadi and stop drinking. But, he organized an
armed struggle against the British.
MOVEMENT IN THE PLANTATIONS

 Workers in the plantations of Assam demanded the

right to move freely in and out of the estates.
 They opposed the Inland Emigration Act of 1859
which took away the right to free movement.
 When they heard about the Non-co operation
movement, they moved to their villages. They
thought that the Gandhi Raj was coming and
everyone would be given land in their villages.
 However, they were caught and brought back.
WITHDRAWAL OF THE NON
COOPERATION MOVEMENT

Gandhiji withdrew the Non Co operation Movement

because:
 The movement became violent in some places. In

february 1922, in Chaurichaura (Uttar Pradesh) people

turned violent and set fire to a police station. Twenty
two police men were killed in this incident. Gandhiji
was against violence.
 The movement slowed down in urban areas.

 He thought that it was necessary to train the people in

non violent satyagraha.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NON-
COOPERATION MOVEMENT

 Non Co operation movement was a large scale mass

movement. It attracted common people from all social
groups.
 Non Co operation Movement and Khilafat Movement
went together. So, they promoted Hindu-Muslim unity.
 Peasants’ and tribals’ movements became a part of the
Indian National Movement.
 It was a non violent movement. So, it popularised the
Gandhian idea of Non violent satyagraha.
GIVE EXAMPLES TO PROVE THAT
THE TERM ‘SWARAJ’
MEANS DIFFERENT THINGS TO
DIFFERENT PEOPLE
 The term swaraj means self rule or dominion status for the Congress people. It is
the type of Government granted by the British in other self-governing colonies
of Australia and Canada.
 To peasants in Awadh ‘swaraj’ means reduction in tax, abolition of ‘begaar’ or
forced labour and social boycott of oppressive land lords.
 To plantation workers in Assam, ‘swaraj’ means right to move freelyin and out
the plantation where they were enclosed and retaining alink with the village
from, which they had come.
 To the tribal peasants of the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh ‘swaraj’meant right
to enter forest and collect forest products, graze cattle and give up forced labour
WITH WHAT AIM WAS ‘THE
SWARAJPARTY’ SET UP?

 Swaraj party or the Congress Khilafat Swarajya Party was

set up by Motilal Nehru and C.R. Das in 1923.
 They were tired of mass struggles and wanted to participate
in elections to the provincial councils that had been set up
by the Government of India Act of 1919.
 They felt that it was important to oppose British policies
within the councils, argue for reform and also demonstrate
that these councils were not truly democratic.
 They also wanted to keep the anti British spirit of the people
alive since Non Cooperation Movement was suspended.
TRACE TWO MAJOR DEVELOPMENTS
IN THE INDIAN POLITICS
TOWARDS THE LATE 1920S
 The first was the effect of worldwide economic depression.
 Agricultural prices began to fall from 1926 and collapsed after
1930.As the demand for agricultural goods fell and exports
declined, peasants found it difficult to sell their harvests and pay
their revenue.
 The Simon Commission was appointed and came to India in
February, 1928. It was appointed to look in to the working of the
Government of India Act of 1919 and to suggest further reforms
in the system of administration. The members of the commission
were all Englishmen and not a single Indian was included in it. It
led to Simon go back agitation.
SIMON COMMISSION(INDIAN STATUTORY
COMMISSION)

 It was a statutory commission set up by the British

under Sir John Simon.
 It was asked to study the constitutional system in
India and suggest changes.
 Indians opposed the Simon Commission because:
 All the members of the commission were English men.
There was no Indian in it.
 It did not provide any hope of Swaraj to Indians.
LAHORE CONGRESS OF 1929
The Congress session was held at Lahore in 1929
under the Presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru.
Following decision were taken:
 The Congress declared Poorna Swaraj as its aim.
 It was decided to celebrate 26 January every year as
Independence Day.
 It was decided to start the Civil Disobedience
Movement to win Poorna Swaraj.
DISCUSS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE
CONGRESS SESSION IN 1929 IN THE
FREEDOM STRUGGLE OF INDIA
 The Lahore session of Indian National Congress of 1929 was
held under the presidentship of Jawaharlal Nehru. The two
important decisions taken were the following:
 a. The attainment of complete independence: It was declared in this
session that the chief goal of the Indian National congress was the
attainment of complete independence.
 b. It was decided to launch the Civil Disobedience Movement under
the leadership of Gandhiji to get the complete independence.
 c. It was decided in this session to celebrate 26 January as the
Independence Day all over the country. Because of its significance
the same day was chosen as the Republic day of India.
SALT MARCH [SALT SATYAGRAHA]

 Gandhiji decided to inaugurate the Civil Disobedience

Movement by breaking the salt law.
 Gandhiji and 78 of his followers started a march on foot
from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi [Dandi March].
 On 6 April 1929, they reached Dandi. Gandhiji prepared salt
by using sea water, broke the salt law and inaugurated the
Movement.
 The government imposed heavy tax on salt. Moreover, the
production of salt was the monopoly of the government. So
the price of salt was very high. Therefore, Gandhiji opposed
the salt law.
THE MAIN FEATURES OF THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

 Gandhiji led a march on foot from Sabarmati to Dandi. He broke

the Salt Law at Dandi and inaugurated the Movement.
 People broke salt law in many places. Foreign goods were
boycotted. Liquor shops were picketed. Government servants
resigned their jobs. Forest laws were broken. People refused to
pay taxes. Leaders were arrested. Workers attacked government
offices.
 Gandhiji called off the movement on 5 March 1931 under the
Gandhi-Irwin Pact. He agreed to attend the Second Round Table
Conference.
 It was restarted when Gandhiji returned from London. It was
finally called off in 1934.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NON-
COOPERATION MOVEMENT AND
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
 People refused to co operate with the government
during the Non Co operation Movement. People broke
the laws during the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 Muslims participated in large numbers in the Non Co
operation Movement. Muslim participation was less
in the Civil Disobedience Movement.
 No tax campaign was not there in Non Co operation
Movement. People refused to pay taxes in Civil
Disobedience Movement.
SOCIAL GROUPS WHICH
PARTICIPATED IN CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT
 Rich Peasants - Depression and fall in prices affected them badly. They
demanded reduction in land revenue. Swaraj meant reduction of taxes for
them.
 Poor Peasants - Depression affected them badly. They demanded
reduction in rent. Swaraj meant reduction of rent for them.
 Business classes – They demanded protection against the import of
foreign goods. They wanted a Rupee-Sterling exchange rate that would
discourage import. They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial
Congress in 1920. They also formed the Federation of the Indian
Chamber of Commerce and Industries. They gave financial help to the
movement and refused to sell the foreign goods.
 Industrial Workers – They were poorly paid. Conditions of work were
miserable. Swaraj meant better wages and working conditions for them.
Railway workers and dockyard workers conducted strike. Workers in
mines wore Gandhi Caps and took part in rallies.
WHY DID THE DIFFERENT SOCIAL
GROUPS JOIN THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT?
 In the countryside the rich peasant communities like the
Jats of UP and the Patidars of Gujarat were active in the
movement.
 Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection
against imports of foreign goods and a rupee sterling
foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
 They wanted to end colonial control over Indian economy.
They joined Civil Disobedience Movement and gave
financial assistance and refused to buy or sell imported
goods.
ANOTHER IMPORTANT FEATURE OF THE
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

Another important feature of the Civil Disobedience

Movement was the large-scale participation of women.
During Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came
out of their homes to listen to him. They participated in
protest marches, manufactured salt, and
 Picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
 There were strikes by railway workers in 1930 and
dockworkers in1932. In 1930 thousands of workers in
Chotanagpur tin mines wore Gandhi caps and participated
in protest rallies and boycott campaigns.
WHY DID THE RICH PEASANTS JOIN THE
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT?

 Why did not they join when it was re-launched in

1932 ?
 In the countryside, rich peasant communities – like the
Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh joined
the movement.
 Being producers of commercial crops, they were very
hard hit by the trade depression and falling prices. As
their cash income disappeared, they found it
impossible to pay the government’s revenue demand.
THE REFUSAL OF THE GOVERNMENT TO
REDUCE THE REVENUE DEMAND LED
TO WIDESPREAD RESENTMENT
 These rich peasants were active in organizing their
communities, and at times forcing reluctant members,
to participate in the boycott programmes.
 For them the fight for swaraj was a struggle against
high revenues.
 But they were deeply disappointed when the movement
was called off in 1931 without the revenue rates being
revised. Therefore, when the movement was restarted
in 1932, many of them refused to participate.
WHY DIDN’T THE POOR PEASANTS
JOIN THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT?
 Why was the relationship between the poor peasants
and the Congress remained uncertain during civil
disobedience movement?
 The poorer peasants were not just interested in the lowering
of the revenue demand. Many of them were small tenants
cultivating land they had rented from landlords.
 As the Depression continued and cash incomes decreased,
the small tenants found it difficult to pay their rent. They
wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.
WHY DIDN’T THE POOR PEASANTS
JOIN THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT?
 They joined a variety of radical movements, often led
by Socialists and Communists.
 Congress did not want to upset the rich peasants and
landlords, and was unwilling to support ‘no rent’
campaigns of the poor peasants inmost places. So the
relationship between the poor peasants and the
Congress remained uncertain.
WHY DID THE BUSINESS CLASS
SUPPORT THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT?
 Why did the industrial working classes not participate
in the Civil Disobedience Movement in large
numbers?
 Indian merchants and industrialists wanted protection
against imports of foreign goods and a rupee-sterling
foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports.
 They wanted to end colonial control over Indian
economy. They joined Civil Disobedience Movement and
gave financial assistance and refused to buy or sell
imported goods.
WHY DID THE BUSINESS CLASS
SUPPORT THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT?
 Most businessmen came to see swaraj as a time when
colonial restrictions on business would no longer exist
and trade and industry would flourish without
constraints.
 As the industrialists came closer to the Congress,
workers stayed aloof. The Congress was reluctant to
include workers’ demands as part of its programme
of struggle. It felt that this would alienate industrialists
and divide the anti-imperial forces.
HOW DID THE INDIAN MERCHANTS
AND INDUSTRIALISTS PROTECT
THEIR INTERESTS?
 To organize business interests, they formed the Indian
Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the
Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and
Industries (FICCI) in 1927.
 Led by prominent industrialists like Purshottamdas
Thakurdas and G. D. Birla, the industrialists attacked
colonial control over the Indian economy, and supported
the Civil Disobedience Movement when it was first
launched. They gave financial assistance and refused to
buy or sell imported goods.
DESCRIBE THE PARTICIPATION OF
WOMEN IN THE CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
MOVEMENT
 An important feature of the Civil Disobedience Movement
was the large-scale participation of women. During
Gandhiji’s salt march, thousands of women came out of
their homes to listen to him.
 They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and
picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops. Many went to jail.
 In urban areas, these women were from high-caste families;
in rural areas, they came from rich peasant households.
Moved by Gandhiji’s call, they began to see service to the
nation as a sacred duty of women.
WHY DID THE PARTICIPATION OF
WOMEN IN LARGE NUMBERS IN
THE MOVEMENTS NOT BRING ANY
RADICAL CHANGE IN THE
POSITION OF INDIAN WOMEN?
 Gandhiji was convinced that it was the duty of women to
look after home and hearth, be good mothers and good
wives.
 And for a long time the Congress was reluctant to allow
women to hold any position of authority within the
organization. It was keen only on their symbolic presence.
MAIN CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

 Civil Disobedience Movement was the first struggle to

win Poorna Swaraj or Complete Independence.
 It was based on non violent Satyagraha. Gandhian ideas
were widely followed.
 Women participated in large numbers in this movement.
 It was a real mass movement. Different social groups
participated.
 It was an open challenge to the British rule. The people
openly disobeyed laws.
MAIN LIMITATIONS OF THE CIVIL
DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT

 Dalits did not participate in the Civil Disobedience

Movement, because the Congress did not give
importance to their demands.
 Many Muslims did not participate in it. They
thought that the Congress was moving close to the
Hindu Maha Sabha.
 Communal riots occurred in many places. Disunity
between Hindus and Muslims started.
 Industrial workers participation was minimum.
EFFORTS MADE BY GANDHIJI FOR THE
UPLIFTMENT OF DALITS

 Gandhiji was against untouchability. He said that Swaraj

would not come for 100 years, if untouchability was not
abolished.
 He called the untouchables ‘Harijans’ or sons of Gods.
 He organized Satyagraha to get temple entry and access
to public wells, tanks, roads and schools for dalits.
 He cleaned harijan colonies and in his ashram there was
no caste feelings.
 He asked the upper caste Hindus to give up the inhuman
practice of untouchability.
GANDHIJI Vs AMBEDKAR
 Dr. Ambedkar demanded separate electorates for the
dalits. He thought that a share in political power would
help in their upliftment. Gandhiji opposed separate
electorates. He thought that it would create disunity.
So, they clashed in the Second round table conference.
 Poona Pact: It was signed between Gandhiji and
Ambedkar in September 1932. Gandhiji brought an
end to his fast. He accepted the demand for reservation
of seats for dalits in the legislatures. Ambedkar agreed
to give up the demand for separate electorates.
CULTURAL FACTORS AND IDENTITIES
WHICH CREATED A SENSE OF
COLLECTIVE BELONGING AMONG
THE PEOPLE OF INDIA
 Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
created the image of Bharat Mata.
 Abanindranath Tagore painted her
image.
 Bharat Mata looked like a
Sanyasini. She is calm, divine and
spiritual. Devotion towards her
became a proof of Nationalism.
 VANDE MATARAM
 It was a prayer to Bharat
Mata written by Bankim
Chadra Chattopadhyay.
 Vande Mataram became the
war cry of the Indians.
 It was later included in his
novel Anandamath
 NATIONAL FLAG
 During the Swadeshi Movement a tri-color flag (red, green
and yellow) was developed. It had 8 lotuses representing
the 8 provinces of the British India. It also had crescent
moon which represented Hindus and Muslims.
 In 1921, Gandhiji designed the Swaraj flag. It was also a
tri-color flag (red, green and white). It had a spinning
wheel which represent the Gandhian idea of Self Help.
 The flag became a symbol of the Nation. It created the
feeling of oneness. The people carried flag in protest
marches and rallies
NATIONAL FLAG
REDISCOVERY OF INDIA’S
PAST
 The British considered Indians backward and primitive.
They said that the Indians were not capable of ruling
themselves.
 In the 19th century, some educated Indians started the
efforts of rediscover India’s great achievements. They
rediscovered the achievements made by the Indians in art,
architecture, science, mathematics, religion, culture, law,
philosophy, crafts and trade.
 Knowledge about the great achievements of Indians created
national pride, self confidence and patriotism among the
Indians.
FOLKLORE OF SOUTHERN
INDIA
REVIVAL OF FOLKLORE
 Nationalists toured the villages to collect the folk songs and
legends.
 Rabindranath Tagore collected a number of folk songs and
legends.
 In Madras, Natesa Sastri published a four volume collection
of tamil folk tales (The Folklore of Southern India).
 The folk songs and legends gave a true picture of Indian
culture. They showed there all thoughts and characteristics
of Indians.
 They created National Pride among the people.