FEB 14, 2018.

Wale, +2348063031504
 Drive Test
CONTENTS
 1-Preparation for DT.

 2-Types of DT.

 3-Analysis of some cases in the

field during DT.

 4-Tools for analysis.

 Drive Test

PREPARATION FOR DT.

• Drive testing is a method of measuring and assessing the coverage, capacity and 
Quality of Service (QoS) of a mobile radio network CDMA

• There are many drive test tools which includes Tems(8.0.3,9,10,11,12,13,15,16) nemo,
probe, dongle (related tools) mobile ( w995 for tems,S5 for probe etc) testing SIM of operator, GPS,
compass measuring tape tilt meter, USB hub, inverter, cab

• The data set collected during drive testing field measurements can include information such as,
•
• Signal intensity, Signal quality, Interference, Dropped calls, Blocked calls, Anomalous events, Call statistics, Service level statistics,
Quality of Service information, Handover information, Neighboring cell information, GPS location co-ordinates
Drive Test Routes
• Drive Test routes are the first step to be set, and indicate where testing will occur. This area is defined
based on several factors, mainly related to the purpose of the test.
• The routes are predefined in the office.
• A program of a lot of help in this area is Google Earth. A good practice is to trace the route on the
same using the easy paths or polygons. The final image can then be brought to the driver.
 Drive Test TYPES OF DRIVE TEST
 Network benchmarking
 Single Site Verification Test
 Optimization and troubleshooting

 Network Benchmarking are used to measure several network technologies and service types
simultaneously to very high accuracy, to provide directly comparable information regarding competitive
strengths and weaknesses, results from benchmarking activities are frequently used in marketing
campaigns.

 single site verification is a process of checking whether the functions of the equipment on sites and in
cells are normal. The purpose is to ensure the basic functions, such as access, communication, and
handoff, of the cells in the sites before starting RF optimization.

 Optimization and troubleshooting is conducted for checking coverage criteria of a cell site with RF drive
test tool. The data collected by drive test tool as Log files is analyzed to evaluate various RF parameters
of the network. Drive Route and Site Data for the sites to be driven is taken from customer. Performance of
each site kpi value is stored in server. According to that we can change parameter/physical level
optimization
Drive Test

ANALYSIS OF SOME CASES IN THE FIELD DURING DT

 Overshooting
 Island effect
 No good candidate to handover to
 Timing Advance much greater than half of your inter- site distance

 Swapped sectors
 Defined neighbours will show poor levels
 May exhibit “stepping stone” effect
 May lead to drag and drop

 Analysis
 Notice the distance of serving cell compared to nearby cells
 Check terrain profile using Asset, clutter using Google Earth and neighbour candidates levels to see if acceptable
 Site is overshooting, consider down tilting
 High interference at call drop
 Handover failure 15seconds before call drop
 Neighbour defined correctly
 Handover failure due to timer expired
 Deduce that high interference corrupted signalling information
 Notice intra-cell handover did not help interference problem
Drive Test TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS.

 The major tools for drive test analysis

 TEMS INVESTIGATION
RSCP: Receive Signal Code
Power indicates the signal strength
of the network
Drive Test TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS.

 The major tools for drive test analysis

 TEMS INVESTIGATION
Ec/Io = (Energy per chip / Noise spectral
density)
Drive Test TOOLS FOR ANALYSIS.

 The major tools for drive test analysis

 TEMS INVESTIGATION
 2G
CONTENTS
 1-Introduction to GSM Technology.

 2-GSM Bands and UL/DL Freq.

calculation.

 3-GSM Network Architecture.

 4-GSM Call Flow.

2G
INTRODUCTION TO GSM TECHNOLOGY
• The GSM system is the most widely used cellular technology in use in the
world today a

• GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) abbreviation for Global System for
Mobile Communications
• The GSM cellular technology had a number of design aims when the
development started:

 It should offer good subjective speech quality

 It should have a low phone or terminal cost
 Terminals should be able to be handheld
 The system should support international roaming
 It should offer good spectral efficiency
 The system should offer ISDN compatibility

• GSM cellular technology uses 200 kHz RF channels. These are time division
multiplexed to enable up to eight users to access each carrier. In this way it is
a TDMA / FDMA system.
2G GSM BANDS AND UL/DL FREQ
2G GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
2G GSM NETWORK ARCHITECTURE

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network)

• several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM standard within each country GSM
system comprises 3 subsystems
RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects
• MS (mobile station)
• BSS (base station subsystem) or RAN (radio access network)
• BTS (base transeiver station)
• BSC (base station controller)
NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover, switching
• MSC (mobile services switching center)
• LR (location register): HLR and VLR
OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network
• OMC (operation and maintenance center)
• AuC (authentication center)
• EIR (equipment identity register)
2G BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM

 Transcoding Rate and Adaptation Unit (TRAU)

 Performs coding between the 64kbps PCM coding used in the backbone
network and the 13 kbps coding used for the Mobile Station (MS)
 Base Station Controller (BSC)
 Controls the channel (time slot) allocation implemented by the BTSes
 Manages the handovers within BSS area
 Knows which mobile stations are within the cell and informs the MSC/VLR
about this
 Base Transceiver System (BTS)
Controls several transmitters
Each transmitter has 8 time slots, some used for signaling, on a specific
frequency
2G NETWORK AND SWITCHING SUBSYSTEM
The backbone of a GSM network is a telephone network with additional cellular
network capabilities
• Mobile Switching Center (MSC)
 An typical telephony exchange (ISDN exchange) which supports mobile
communications
• Visitor Location Register (VLR)
A database, part of the MSC
 Contains the location of the active Mobile Stations
• Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
 Links the system to PSTN and other operators
• Home Location Register (HLR)
 Contain subscriber information, including authentication information in
Authentication Center (AuC)
• Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
 International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI) codes for e.g.,
blacklisting stolen phones
3G OPERATION AND SUPPORT SUBSYSTEM (OSS)
The OSS or operation support subsystem is an element within the overall GSM
network architecture that is connected to components of the NSS and the BSC. It is
used to control and monitor the overall GSM network and it is also used to control the
traffic load of the BSS. It must be noted that as the number of BS increases with the
scaling of the subscriber population some of the maintenance tasks are transferred to
the BTS, allowing savings in the cost of ownership of the system.
Drive Test
GSM CALL FLOW
2G GSM CALL FLOW
 3G
CONTENTS
 1-Introduction to WCDMA Technology.

 2-WCDMA Network Architecture.

 3-Handover in 3G network.

 4-UE in Idle Mode behavior.

 5-UMTS Call Flow.

3G
INTRODUCTION TO WCDMA TECHNOLOGY
• W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access)
• W-CDMA can support mobile/portable voice, images, data, and video communications
• W-CDMA is a third-generation ( 3G) mobile wireless technology that promises much higher data speeds to mobile and portable wireless devices

at up to 2 Mbps (local area access) or 384 Kbps(wide area access)

• WCDMA is the most commonly used variant of the Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS)
• It was developed by Japan’s NTT (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone
Telecommunications company)
WCDMA features two modes: 
1. Frequency Division Duplex (FDD): Separates users by employing both codes as well
as frequencies. One frequency is used for the uplink, while another is used for the
downlink.
2. Time Division Duplex (TDD): Separates users by employing codes, frequencies and
time, wherein the same frequency is used for both uplink and downlink.

N/B majority of the 3G systems in operation employ CDMA, while the rest use time
division multiple access (TDMA). The TDD mode of WCDMA actually employs a
combination of TDMA and CDMA
3G WCDMA NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
3G HANDOVER IN 3G NETWORK

• Handover or handoff is as important for UMTS as any other form of cellular

telecommunications system. As with any other cellular telecommunications
system it is essential that UMTS handover is performed seamlessly so that the
user is not aware of any change. Any failures within the UMTS handover (or
UMTS handoff) procedure will lead to dropped calls which will in turn result in
user dissatisfaction and ultimately it may lead to users changing networks,
thereby increasing the churn rate.
UMTS handover types
Hard handover: This form of handover is essentially the same as that used for
2G networks where one link is broken and another established.
Soft handover: This form of handover is a more gradual and the UE
communicates simultaneously with more than one Node B or base station during
the handover process.
Softer handover: Not a full form of UMTS handover, but the UE communicates
with more than one sector managed by the same NodeB.
UMTS GSM inter RAT handover: This form of handover occurs when mobiles
have to change between Radio Access Technologies.
3G UE IN IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR

1. PLMN Selection
2. System Information Reception
3. Cell Selection and Reselection
4. Location Registration
5. Paging Procedure
6. Access Procedure
The UE enters the idle mode immediately after being switched on. The feature "UE
behaviors in idle mode" ensures that the UE is ready to start a service ( e.g. to make
a call or pick a call).
The behaviors are as follows:
• PLMN selection
This procedure ensures that the PLMN selected by the UE provides services properly.
• Cell selection and reselection
This procedure ensures that the UE finds a suitable cell to camp on.
• Location registration
This procedure is used by the UE to report its status to the network. This procedure is
of two types: periodical location registration and the location registration necessitated
by changes in the location area.
3G UE IN IDLE MODE BEHAVIOR CONT’D
In addition, the UE in idle mode takes the following actions:
• Paging reception
The network sends paging messages to the UE in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state.
The UE detects the paging indicator on the PICH within the predefined time and
receives corresponding paging messages on the S_CCPCH. If the cell and the UE in
CELL_FACH support the HS-DSCH function, UE in CELL_PCH or URA_PCH state
receives paging messages on the HS-PDSCH.
• Broadcast information reception
The network broadcasts the network information to the UE that camps on the cell.
Upon reception of broadcast information, the UE obtains the network information and
takes actions accordingly.
This feature enables the UE for the following:
1. Receive system information from the PLMN
2. Prepare to establish the RRC connection
3. Prepare to respond to paging messages
4. Receive cell broadcast services
5. Report the UE state to the network periodically or in event-triggered mode
3G UMTS CALL FLOW
3G UMTS CALL FLOW
 4G
CONTENTS
 1-Introduction to LTE Technology

 2-LTE Architecture.

 3-LTE entities and description

 4-CSFB basics