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Basic Antenna Concepts: Prepared By: Zalak Patel Department: E & C

This document provides an overview of basic antenna concepts. It defines antennas as devices that convert electrical energy to radio waves and vice versa. Common antenna types are described such as dipoles, monopoles, loops, microstrips, helicals, and horns. It explains how antennas work by radiating electromagnetic fields and current distributions. Applications discussed include VHF/UHF broadcasting towers and receiving antennas as well as antennas used for wireless communications like cellular phones.

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Zalak
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101 views27 pages

Basic Antenna Concepts: Prepared By: Zalak Patel Department: E & C

This document provides an overview of basic antenna concepts. It defines antennas as devices that convert electrical energy to radio waves and vice versa. Common antenna types are described such as dipoles, monopoles, loops, microstrips, helicals, and horns. It explains how antennas work by radiating electromagnetic fields and current distributions. Applications discussed include VHF/UHF broadcasting towers and receiving antennas as well as antennas used for wireless communications like cellular phones.

Uploaded by

Zalak
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ITW-6

Basic Antenna Concepts

Prepared By: Zalak Patel


Department: E & C
Definitions of Antenna
• As per IEEE, antenna is a device for radiating or
receiving the radio waves.

• An antenna is an electrical device which converts


electric energy into radio waves, and vice versa. It is
usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver.

• Antenna is a transition device, or transducer, between


a guided wave and a free-space wave, or vice-versa.
Continue
• Transmitting antenna convert electrical energy
in to RF waves.
• Receiving antenna convert RF waves in to
electrical signal.
Transmission Line and Antenna
• In transmission line, energy is guided as a plane
transverse electromagnetic mode wave with
little loss.
• The spacing between wire is assumed to be
small fraction of a wavelength.
• As the separation approaches the order of a
wavelength or more, the wave tends to be
radiated and transmission line becomes
antenna.
Continue
• The guiding device or transmission line may
take the form of a coaxial line or a hollow pipe
(waveguide), and it is used to transport
electromagnetic energy from the transmitting
source to the antenna, or from the antenna to
the receiver.
• The transmission line is represented by a line with characteristic
impedance Zc, and the antenna is represented by a load ZA [ZA =
(RL + Rr ) + jXA] connected to the transmission line.
• The load resistance RL is used to represent the conduction and
dielectric losses associated with the antenna structure
• Rr , referred to as the radiation resistance, is used to represent
radiation by the antenna.
•The reactance XA is used to represent the imaginary part of the
impedance associated with radiation by the antenna.
• Under ideal conditions, energy generated by the source should be
totally transferred to the radiation resistance Rr , which is used to
represent radiation by the antenna.
Current Distribution On A Thin Wire
Antenna & its radiation Mechanism
• The movement of the
charges creates a traveling
wave current, along each of
the wires. When the current
arrives at the end of each of
the wires, it undergoes a
complete reflection.

The reflected travelling wave, when combined with the incident


travelling wave, forms in each wire a pure standing wave pattern of
sinusoidal form.
• For the two-wire balanced (symmetrical) transmission line, the
current in a half cycle of one wire is of the same magnitude
but 180◦ out-of-phase from that in the corresponding half-
cycle of the other wire. If in addition the spacing between the
two wires is very small (s<<λ), the fields radiated by the
current of each wire are essentially cancelled by those of the
other. The net result is an almost ideal, non radiating
transmission line.
• As the section of the transmission line begins to flare, it can be
assumed that the current distribution is essentially unaltered
uniform in each of the wires. However, because the two wires
of the flared section are not necessarily close to each other, the
fields radiated by one do not necessarily cancel those of the
other. Therefore ideally there is a net radiation by the
transmission line system.
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION ON LINEAR
DIPOLES
Dipole antenna and its radiation pattern
• The radiation pattern of the half wave dipole is as shown in
fig.

• The radiation pattern of full wave dipole is as shown in fig.


Continue……
• The radiation pattern of the 3λ/2 dipole is as shown in fig.

• The radiation pattern of 2 λ dipole is as shown in fig.


How the electric lines of force are detached from the
antenna to form the free-space waves.
Example: Dipole

• Figure 1.14(a) displays the lines of force created


between the arms of a small center-fed dipole in the
first quarter of the period during which time the
charge has reached its maximum value (assuming a
sinusoidal time variation) and the lines have traveled
outwardly a radial distance λ/4.
• During the next quarter of the period, the original
three lines travel an additional λ/4 (a total of λ/2
from the initial point) and the charge density on the
conductors begins to diminish.
• The lines of force created by the opposite charges
are three and travel a distance λ/4 during the second
quarter of the first half, and they are shown dashed
in Figure 1.14(b).
• Since there is no net charge on the antenna, then the
lines of force must have been forced to detach
themselves from the conductors and to unite
together to form closed loops.
• In the remaining second half of the period, the same
procedure is followed but in the opposite direction.
After that, the process is repeated and continues
indefinitely and electric field patterns.
Types of Antenna: 1. Wire Antennas

½ Wave Dipole
E:

H:

¼ Wave Monopole
H:

E:
• The world’s most popular antenna is the half-wave dipole. This means
that the total length of the antenna is equal to half of the wavelength of
the signal you’re trying to transmit or receive.
• The dipole is fed by a two wire line where the two currents are equal in
amplitude but opposite in direction.
• This shows the current distribution; the ends are essentially an open
circuit, so most of the energy is radiated out the center of the antenna.
The electric field radiates in a donut shaped pattern around the dipole
axis, and the magnetic field radiates in a circle outward from the
antenna.
• The quarter-wave monopole is very similar; it basically consists of one-
half a dipole plus a perfectly conducting plane. Most of the parameters
are halved, including the total power radiated.
Continue
Loop Antennas

Micro-strip Antennas
• A third type of antenna is the loop antenna. These are
very useful as receivers, especially for low frequencies
when dipoles would become very large.
• Microstrip or patch antennas are often manufactured
directly on a printed circuit board. The dielectric
between the two rectangular conductors is simply the
printed-circuit substrate. These antennas are
generally built for devices that require small antennas,
leading to frequencies usually in the gigahertz.
Continue
Helical Antennas Horn Antennas
Antennas)
• Helical antennas are used because they are
circularly polarized. This means that they
radiate in both the vertical and horizontal
directions, unlike the dipole which only radiates
normal to its axis.
• Horn antennas are obviously very directional.
The shape of the horn determines if the electric
or magnetic fields are maximized. The gain is
very high in the direction of the horn’s axis.
Antenna Applications
VHF and UHF Antennas

UHF/VHF/FM
Transmitting Tower Receiving Antenna
• Another application for antennas is VHF and UHF antennas,
which stand for Very High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency.
• You’ve all seen the tall transmitting towers. They need to be
large enough to achieve the desired frequency and provide a
large range of coverage. VHF and UHF covers frequencies from 3
MHz to 3000 MHz and includes television and FM radio
broadcasting.
• The most common type of receiving antenna is called a Yagi array
antenna. The array has different size conductors to receive
different frequencies. Yagi arrays are highly directional, so they
should always be pointed towards the transmitter tower.
Antenna Applications
Wireless Communications

¼ Wave Whip

¼ Wave Helical ¼ Wave 2-in-1


• Antennas have lots of applications in wireless communications. Many
different types of antennas can be used, and they all have their own
advantages. Two common antennas are the quarter wave helical and
quarter wave whip antennas. The whip, which is the same as a
monopole, is the most common antenna for cellular phones, and is
typically used in the 400 to 500 MHz range. The quarter wave helical
antenna is smaller than the whip and has similar performance. Lately it is
used in the 800 to 1000 MHz bands. Another antenna you’ve probably
seen is the retractable antenna. What I found interesting in my research
is that there are actually two totally separate antennas that are
electrically decoupled. In the extended position, this particular antenna
functions as a whip and in the retracted position it works as a helical
antenna. The performance is slightly better in the extended position.

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