MODERN SUBSTATION

TRANSFORMER

Presented By-
Shashwat Tripathi
Shahbaaz
WHAT ARE TRANSFORMERS-:
 A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC electrical
power from one circuit to the other circuit at the constant frequency, but the
voltage level can be altered that means voltage can be increased or
decreased according to the requirement.
 It works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction which states that “ the magnitude of voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux.”
NECESSITY OF TRANSFORMER-:
 Transformer is the foremost reason that most of the electric power
transmission in the world today is in the form of AC instead of DC. This is
because transformer easily step down or step up voltages which is essential
for the efficient electric power transmission.

 Energy is lost in the process of transmitting electricity for long distances,

such as during the journey from a power plant to your home . Less energy is
lost if the voltage is very high, so electrical utilities use high voltage in
long-distance transmission wires.

 The high voltages (needed to drive the low currents) must be stepped back
down before power is supplied to our homes. Transformers are the critical
elements that step up and step down the voltages at each end of the line.
HISTORY OF TRANSFORMERS
 When was the transformer invented? The property of induction was
discovered in the 1830's but it wasn't until 1886 that William Stanley,
working for Westinghouse built the first reliable commercial transformer.

 Where were the first transformers used? The first AC power system that
used the modern transformer was in Great Barrington, Massachusetts in 1886.
Earlier forms of the transformer were used in Austro-Hungary 1878-1880s
and 1882 onward in England.

 George Westinghouse and William Stanley created a transformer that is

practical to produce (easy to machine and wind in a square shape, making a
core of E shaped plates) and comes in both step up and step down variations.
 .

Stanley's first transformer which was used in

the electrification of Great Barrington, Massachusetts
in 1886.
MODERN TRANSFORMERS
 Pressure on transmission systems has resulted in longer lines and higher
voltages and currents, necessitating new higher rated and more efficient
power transformers. Loss reduction, costing, environmental and reliability
issues for power transformers are all under pressure, with efforts to reduce
manufacturing and operating costs while increasing reliability the prime
concern of developers.

 Increased voltage and increased power loading all require new transformer
techniques and designs. With voltages of over 1000 kV becoming common
(up to 1200 kV), and new switchgear catering for the higher voltages, the
transformer market has had to come up with matching technology and
developments.
PHASE SHIFTING TRANSFORMERS
 One of the key emerging trends in the power transformer space is the use of PSTs.
These transformers regulate the power flow in the transmission grid. They protect the
transmission lines and high voltage equipment from thermal overload and control the
power flow between two networks. PSTs enhance real power handling capacity of
transmission lines and allow flexibility in real power transmission without affecting
VAR considerably. Overall, PSTs increase transmission system stability, reduce network
losses and enhance efficiency.

 With regard to the deployment of PSTs in the India, Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited
commissioned the country’s first indigenous PST in December 2014 at the Kothagudem
Thermal Power Station Stage-VI in Telangana. PSTs are site-specific and need to be
planned on a case-to-case basis through proper system studies.
HVDC CONVERTOR TRANSFORMER
 Another emerging technology is converter transformer technology. Convertor
transformers are at the core of an HVDC transmission link as they convert AC voltage
into DC voltage and vice versa to enable efficient electricity transfer over long
distances.

 These are dedicated transformers that have one of their windings connected to inverter
and rectifier circuits. In HVDC systems, converter transformers ensure the supply of
AC voltages into two separate circuits feeding the rectifier bridges with a phase shift of
30 electrical degrees to reduce the low order harmonics.

 The use of convertor transformers is gaining traction with the expansion of the HVDC
network in the country. These transformers are characterized by low transmission
losses and high electricity transmission as the transmission losses are lower for DC
than AC and more electricity is transmitted at high voltage levels.
ESTER FILLED TRANSFORMERS
 Natural ester-filled transformers are also witnessing growing uptake owing to
their fire resistance feature. As natural ester has high fire points of around 360
ºC, and a flash point of 320 ºC, which is twice the fire points of mineral oil, it
makes the transformers fire resistant. Besides, natural ester is biodegradable in
nature, which makes the transformers environment friendly.

 The use of ester-filled transformers has been rapidly gaining traction in the
country as well. Tata Power was the first utility to install natural ester-filled
transformers of 25 MVA capacity in its Mumbai distribution area. Besides,
Torrent Power commissioned two 20 MVA, 33/11 kV ester-filled transformers
in December 2016.
DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER
 Another emerging technology trend is the use of dry-type transformers.
These transformers do not use any insulating liquid, instead the windings
with the core are kept within a sealed tank pressurized with air. These are
suited for settings that demand the highest level of security and indoor set-
ups including offices, residential buildings, hospitals, underground transport
systems, industries and off-shore installations. 

 The dry-type transformers are of two types – cast resin transformers and
vacuum pressure impersonated transformers.
SMART TRANSFORMERS
 Smart transformers are an integral part of digital substations, which
independently regulate voltage and maintain contact with the smart grid in
order to allow remote administration and real-time feedback on power
supply parameters. These transformers are equipped with intelligent
electronic devices and intelligent monitoring and diagnostics features.
Besides, they provide web and supervisory control and data acquisition
interfaces.
 A smart transformer provides the accurate amount of power that is required
and immediately responds to fluctuations within the power grid, acting as a
voltage regulator. Further, as smart transformers consume less energy, they
help in reducing greenhouse gas emissions. During instances of power
supply fluctuations, smart transformers can be monitored and controlled in
real time to optimise the voltage levels. These features make smart
transformers ideal for power systems designed for the integration of
renewable energy
SIEMENS SMART TRANSFORMER
 Siemens is taking big step in digitalising the present power
system with modifying each component in the power grid.

 Siemens has developed a smart digital transformer naming

it as SENSEFORMER

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wp39hCl_Se8
ABB DIGITAL TRANSFORMER
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j2DL_DVZ3-E
HOW FAR WE HAVE COME!!!!
THANK
YOU!!!!