Introduction to KPI’s for

UMTS

•For more detailed information see T035 course.

 Revision of protocol stack

•Relay •Relay •Relay

•MM/SM
•MM/SM

•RRC •RRC •RANAP •GTP-C •RANAP •GTP-C

•NBAP •NBAP
•RLC •RLC •SCCP •SCCP

•MTP3-b •MTP3-b
•MAC •SSCF-UNI •MAC •SSCF-UNI •SSCF-NNI •SSCF-NNI •UDP

•Physical •Physical •SSCOP •SSCOP •SSCOP •SSCOP •IP

•Channels •Channels
•AAL2 •AAL2 •AAL5 •AAL5 •AAL5

•W-CDMA •W-CDMA •ATM •ATM •ATM

•UE •Node B •RNC •SGSN

 KPI’s for UMTS
RRC Connection
Number of RRC connection requests
Number of RRC connection set up
Number of successful RRC connection establishments
Number of RRC failures
Number of release requests on Iu per cause

•RNC
•U
E

•RRC Connection request-TM

•RRC Connection Set up-UM

Just some of many counters
•RRC Connection Set up Complete-AM
•RRC establishment Cause
•Originating Conversational Call
•Originating Streaming •RRC Connection request •RNC
•Originating Interactive •U
E
•Originating Background
•UE identity •CHOICE
•Terminating Conversational Call •IMSI
•Terminating Streaming •Cause •TMSI + LAI
•Terminating Interactive •Protocol error
•PTMSI + RAI
•Terminating Background
•Emergency Call
•Inter-RAT Cell reselection •This message can indicate
whether a protocol error
•Registration occurred.
•Detach message rrcConnectionRequest :

•Originating High Priority Signalling initialUE-Identity tmsi-and-LAI : {

•Originating Low PrioritySignalling tmsi '10000111011100001001000101101011'B,

•Terminating High Priority Signalling lai {

•Terminating Low PrioritySignalling plmn-Identity {
mcc {
234
mnc {
20
lac '0000010010110000'B
establishmentCause originatingHighPrioritySignalling,
protocolErrorIndicator noError
 1.RRC Connection Set up message

•Power Control
•Uplink •Algorithm
•Power control •1 OR 2
•Information •Long
•0……16,777,215 •TPC step size
•Up Link Scrambling
Code
•1….max 6 •Power offsets from
pilot
•Number DPDCH
•4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256
•Spreading Factor

•Size of CRC

•Beta Parameters •Information the UE requires from the Network (NOT

A COMPLETE LIST)
•Transport /Logical
channel/ Physical
Number

•RNC
 KPI’s for UMTS
NBAP Radio – Link Management
Successful NBAP radio link setups
Number of failed NBAP radio-link setups
Number of successful NBAP radio link deletions
Number of failed NBAP radio link deletions

Just some of many NBAP counters

 The Node B Application Part (NBAP)
Node B RNC

FPs ALCAP NBAP NBAP ALCAP FPs

•The NBAP protocol is transmitted
over the Iub interface on its own PVC
AAL5 on ATM.
AAL2 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL5 AAL2
•The NBAP procedures can be split
into two types, common and
dedicated. The common procedures
ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM
are not related to a particular UE,
where the dedicated procedures are
PVC related to a specific UE context.
PVC

SVC

•Common Functions of NBAP include: Dedicated functions of NBAP include:

•Common transport channel • Dedicated transport channel establishment,
establishment, reconfiguration and reconfiguration and removal.
removal. • Downlink power control.
•Logical Operation and Maintenance • Measurement handling of dedicated radio
resource control. channels.
•Measurement handling of Common • Some control of compressed mode operations
Channels.
 •NEW NODE B-must have SC
etc •RNC

•NBAP:UL initiating Message Id: audit required

•With the Cell update
•NBAP DL initiating message id audit ‘start’ message, the RNC assigns:
•Primary SC
•NBAP UL successful outcome id audit ‘ end of audit’(local •Common channels
cell id)
•Primary Synchronization
•NBAP DL initiating Id –cell set up Channel
•Cell id = a Primary SC, Common Channels •Secondary synchronization
channel
•Common Pilot channel
•For each cell

•NBAP UL successful Outcome •Common Control Physical

channel (CCPCH) that carriers
•NBAP:DL initiating Message the broadcast channel

id SIB update

•NBAP UL successful Outcome SIB update

•UE •Node •RNC
B

•RRC Connection Request •Step size

•NBAP •Radio link setup request •NBAP •Power adjustment is
contained in the RADIO
LINK SETUP REQUEST
•Minimum and Maximum DL power
(NBAP). It cannot be
reconfigured during
•R connection.
•Power offsets PO1, PO2, PO3 •N
•C
•Values are: O.5, 1, 1.5
and 2 dB
•TPC Step Sizes: 0.5,1,1.5, 2dB
•Downlink DPCCH power
offsets
•With the DL DPCCH are
the TFCI, Pilot and TPC.
These can be transmitted
at different power levels.
•PO1: TFCI
KPI-Number of failed NBAP radio-link •PO2: TPC
setups- Major problem •PO3: Pilot bits
 •ALL KPI’s
•UE •Node B •RNC

•1. RACH: CCCH: RRC CONNECTION REQUEST <TM>

•RRC •RRC

•2. RADIO LINK SETUP REQUEST

•NBAP •NBAP

•Start RX

•3. RADIO LINK SETUP RESPONSE

•NBAP •NBAP

•4. ESTABLISH REQUEST (AAL2)

•ALCAP •ALCAP

•5. ESTABLISH CONFIRM (AAL2)

•ALCAP •ALCAP

•6. DOWNLINK SYNCHRONISATION

•DCH-FP •DCH-FP

•7. UPLINK SYNCHRONISATION

•DCH-FP •DCH-FP

•Start TX

•8. FACH: CCCH: RRC CONNECTION SETUP <UM>

•RRC •RRC

•9. INSYNCH IND

•L1 •L1

•10. RADIO LINK RESTORE INDICATION

•NBAP •NBAP

•11. DCCH: RRC CONNECTION SETUP COMPLETE <AM>

•RRC •RRC
 KPI’s for UMTS
Node B – Radio
Wideband received power
Transmitted carrier power

Just some of many counters

Received Total Wideband Power
(RTWP)

•If RTWP(dBM) < Max UP

Interference level
•RRC is accepted
•Max Up Inter= -112 to -50 step 0.1

•NBAP - Received Total Wideband Power

•R
•N
•C

•CCCH/RACH Connection Request

UL RTWP

Received total wideband power, including nose generated in the receiver. This
measurement is used to filter RRC CONNECTION REQUESTS. If the RNC is
going to accept message or not.

The overall UL interference received in a cell is evaluated with the UL RTWP with
is measured by the node B and reported to the RNC through NBAP common
measurement.

On the RACH reception, before allocating SRB, the RNC compares the RTWP with
the maximum UL interference level parameter to decide whether to accept the RRC
connection OR not.

Parameter Range default

Max UPLINK -112 …..50 (Step 0.1) -50
Interference
 KPI’s for UMTS
Iub
RNSAP– Radio Link Management Node B

Iu-CS
Number of successful RNSAP radio link set up
Node B RNC MSC/VLR
D

Node B

Number of failed RNSAP radio link setups Iur Gs HLR

Just some of many RNAP counters Node B

Gr
Node B RNC SGSN
Iu-PS
Uu

Node B Gn

GGSN

UE

•The Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP)

•The RNSAP protocol is mainly used for:
•Basic mobility procedures used in soft handover and relocation.
•Carrying RRC messages, bridging the gap between SRNC and CRNC.
•Establishment and release of dedicated channels between RNCs, as well as reconfiguration of
existing channels.
 KPI’s for UMTS
RRC Radio Link management
Number of successful RRC active set updates per cell
Number of successful RRC active set updates per RNC
Number of failed RRC active set updates per cell
Number of failed RRC active set updates per RNC
Active set size
Number of RRC state transitions from Cell_FACH to cell_DCH
Number of RRC state transitions from Cell_DCH to cell_FACH
Number of calls in cell_FACH state

Just some of many counters

 KPI’s for UMTS
RAB Management
Number of successful radio bearer establishments per cell
Number of successful radio bearer establishments per RNC
Number of refused radio bearer establishments per cell
Number of refused radio bearer establishments per RNC
Number of successful RAB releases
Number of failed RAB releases
Number of RAB failures due to UE capabilites

Just some of many counters

 KPI’s for UMTS
Quality of service
Number of successful downsizing per cell
Number of successful downsizing per RNC
Number of successful up sizing per cell
Number of successful up sizing per RNC

Just some of many counters

 Dedicated Common Channels Shared Channels
Channels

DCH FACH RACH CPCH DSCH USCH

Uplink Both DL UL UL DL UP TDD only

Downlink

Fast Yes No No Yes Yes Yes

Power
Control

Soft Yes No No No No No
Handover

Suited Medium or Large Small Small Small or Medium or Medium or

for Data amounts Medium large large

Suited for No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

bursty
data
 CELL_FACH state

•UL or DL traffic

Cell_DCH

Threshold

Cell_FACH

•Downsizing •Upsizing
timer
 CELL_FACH state

•Idle
•Release mode •Establish shared
Shared connection
Connection

•Add token
•Remove
token

•CELL_DCH

•AO •AO
upsize downsize

•CELL_FACH
 KPI’s for UMTS
Quality of service
Number of free downlink channelization codes
Percentage of time a cell is congested
Percentage of time a cell is congested due to OVSF codes
Percentage of time a cell is congested due to power
Number of RAB assignments rejected for high priority users

Just some of many counters

 KPI’s for UMTS
Hard Handover
Number of 3G to 2G handover requests per cell
Number of 3G to 2G handover requests per RNC
Number of failures

Just some of many counters

 UMTS FDD Neighbour types

Intra-Frequency: UMTS to UMTS- Same Carrier

Inter-Frequency: UMTS to UMTS- Between Carriers

Inter-Mode: UMTS to UMTS- Between FDD and TDD

Modes

IRAT: UMTS to GSM

IRAT: GSM to UMTS

 Hard Handover

During an HHO the used radio frequency of UE

changes
Break before make handover
Not seamless
UE stops transmission on one frequency before it
moves to another frequency

CAN Make it more seamless

Use of compressed mode if:

Both frequencies use overlapping compressed mode
gaps and switch is done during gap-seamless
 Eb/No
Decision to HO to GSM
Eb/No
Cell 1

Eb/No
Cell 2
Threshold

-20dB
Decision to HO
to GSM

Threshold

Counter
 Node B

R Iu-CS 3G
HLR
Iub N MSC
C MAP

SS7
Network
BTS

BSC 2G
A-bis MSC

Intersystem reporting events:

3A – the estimated quality of the current used UTRAN frequency is below a
certain threshold and and the estimated quality of the other system is above a
certain threshold
3B - The estimated quality of the other system is below a certain threshold
3C – The estimated quality of the other system is above a certain threshold
3D – Change to best cell in other system
 •10ms •10ms •10ms

•Extra Power needed

for compressed mode
Gap
•Normal Frame •Normal Frame

Compressed
Frame

•Same amount of data is transmitted in a shorter time.

•10log10(15 slot/7 slot gap) = 2.7dB
•With 7 slot gap in 15 slot frame
 KPI’s for UMTS
Power Management
Cell power used for speech calls
Cell power used for data calls
Cell power used for signalling
Cell power used for miscellaneous
TX power

Just some of many counters

 Initial DL traffic channel power
When a traffic channel is setup it is done
•Power at a certain DL power.
for SHO
Power = DL CPICH power + Ec/No target
•Common Channel Power – UE received CPICH pilot
•Call •Power for Example
•Maximum Admission
•Data = 33 + ( -13) – (- 10)
•Power •Power
•Power for = +30dB
speech
= 33 + ( -13) - (-15)
•Power For
signalling
= +35dB

•Power
for
Overhead
 KPI’s
• If one speech circuit is configured for 3dbm of power. How much power in
dBm will 100 connections take in dBm?
 KPI’s for UMTS
Quality of service
Number of successful IRM scheduling downgrades per cell
Number of failed IRM scheduling downgrades per cell

Just some of many counters

 KPI’s for UMTS
IRM scheduling
The principle of IRM scheduling is that when experiencing power shortage:
When the UE leaves the centre of the cell and reaches the cell edge it is a way
to AVOID a DROP CALL.

•Reducing power by reducing user bit

rate and increasing process gain.

•Process gain = 10 log 384000/User bit rate

 KPI’s for UMTS
IRM scheduling
The bearer downgrade maybe triggered by observing the BLER. When this
exceeds a threshold, bad radio conditions are detected. If these radio
conditions remain bad during a period of time, bearer fallback is triggered.

RNC
Checks
BLER
IRM scheduling KPI’s for UMTS
Is based on detection of bad radio conditions due to layer 1. BLER increase for
a period of time.
The RNC reduces the Transport Format Combination set so limits the user bit
rate.

•BLER Good radio

Target conditions

SHO

•384kbps •384kbps
•User rate
reduction
 KPI’s for UMTS
Radio Measurements
Uplink RSSI
CPICH Ec/No measurements
Compressed mode configuration success
Compressed mode configuration failure

Just some of many counters

 KPI’s for UMTS
Node B –ATM Node B – PCM
Number of received cells (AAL2) Loss of incoming signal
Number of lost packets(AAL2) Alarm indication signal
Number of error AAL2 packets
Number of invalid CID(AAL2)
•Question?
Number of received cells (AAL5) •If you are receiving an AIS alarm. What is the
problem?
Number of lost packets(AAL5)
Number of error AAL5 packets
Loss of cell delineation
•What other KPI’s will show?

•If you had a loss of signal in one

direction. What KPI will be set in the
other?
Just some of many counters
 KPI’s for UMTS
Node B –ATM
•If you had the following KPI’s.
Number of error AAL2 packets
Give a list of problems?

Number of invalid CID(AAL2)

Number of lost packets(AAL5)
Number of error AAL5 packets
Node B –ATM
KPI’s for UMTS
Loss of cell delineation – Major problem – Cannot decode the HEC field- Result
cannot find any ATM cell

•LCD- loss of
Iub speech
Node B •5 Octet •48 Octet
Header •Payload

•5 Octet •48 Octet •5 Octet •48 Octet Iu-CS

Header •Payload Header •Payload R
N
C Iu-PS

•LCD- loss of
data and •5 Octet •48 Octet
speech Header •Payload

•LCD – loss all

data
 •KPI’s for UMTS
•There are a number of KPI’s regarding
Node B IMA:
•STM-1/4/16 •Iub (E1)
•IMA group unavailable seconds •PLMN may not •RNC
own this network
•IMA group near end failures
•IMA link violations
•etc

•You require a good understanding of ATM •ATM

and SDH to understand these. Covered on •ROUTER
the T035 course.
•IMA Group

•NODE B
 AAL 2

•5 Octet •48 Octet

Header •SDU Payload

•SDU •Why do we use AAL2 connections?

•Packet Fill Delay

•If the size of the mini packets is set to 12 bytes

what will be the PFD for:
•Mini Cell Header
•12kbps service
•HEC •UUI •LI •CID
•5 •5 •6 •8
•4.7kbps
•What the function of
HEC
 KPI’s for UMTS
Node B – RACH
RACH negative acknowledgements
Number of accepted RACH

Just some of many counters

 Transport Channels
Spreading/Modulation
RACH CPCH BCH PCH FACH DSCH DCH
PICH

AICH

DPCCH

DPDCH

PDSCH

S-CCPCH

P-CCPCH

PCPCH

PRACH

P-SCH

•Access preambles are sent using increasing power levels until a

S-SCH

CPICH
matching response is received or the max number of preambles have
AP-AICH
been sent
CD/CA-ICH

Physical Channels
SIB5 –
accessServiceClass-FDD
availableSignatureEndIndex 15 •preambleSignature –Defines a set of allowed
assignedSubChannelNumber '1111'B signatures of the PRACH preamble part.
primaryCPICH-TX-Power 33,
prach-PowerOffset {
powerRampStep 2,
preambleRetransMax 64
Spreading/Modulation
RACH CPCH BCH PCH FACH DSCH DCH
PICH

AICH

DPCCH

DPDCH

PDSCH

S-CCPCH

P-CCPCH

PCPCH

PRACH

P-SCH

•rachSubChannels – Defines the set of access slots on which the mobiles S-SCH

are authorised to transmit their access on the PRACH. CPICH

AP-AICH

CD/CA-ICH

Physical Channels
 KPI’s for UMTS
Mobility Management
Number of cell updates
Number of cell update failures
Number of failed RRC security
mode command procedures
Number of failed RANAP security
mode command procedures

Just some of many counters

 Without the Gs

HLR
SGSN

1. GPRS ATTACH REQUEST

(PTMSI/IMSI, Classmark, old RAI)

AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION

MSC HLR
1. GMS ATTACH REQUEST
(PTMSI/IMSI, Classmark, old RAI)

AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION
 With the Gs

HLR
SGSN

1. GPRS ATTACH REQUEST

•GS Interface
(PTMSI/IMSI, Classmark, old RAI)

AUTHENTICATION
AUTHENTICATION

MSC HLR
 Network Operation Modes
Network
GSM/GPRS RA/LA
Operation MS Paging
Attach Updating
Mode

Combined functions Combined functions Co-ordinated

GSM (IMSI) Attach GSM (LA) update Paging for GSM and
1 performed via GPRS performed via the GPRS on CCCH (PCH)
Attach RA Update or PPCH

Not Combined Not Combined Not Co-ordinated

GSM (IMSI) Attach GSM (LA) update Paging for GSM on
2 performed. via A-Interface CCCH (PCH)
GPRS Attach also GPRS (RA) update Paging for GPRS on
performed via Gb-Interface CCCH (PCH)

Not Combined Not Combined Not Co-ordinated

GSM (IMSI) Attach GSM (LA) update Paging for GSM on
3 performed. via A-Interface CCCH (PCH)
GPRS Attach also GPRS (RA) update Paging for GPRS on
performed via Gb-Interface PPCH
Authentication

AUC/HLR SGSN MS

SRES
A3 (Signed response) SRES value
Returned to
The SGSN

Ki RAND RAND

SRES=SRES
Access Allowed
A8 Kc
(Cipher Key) SRES=SRES
Access Barred
Authentication Key (Ki)
(128 bits) stored in HLR/SIM
THE END